Items where IIASA Author is "Sander, Robert"

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Number of items: 36.

Brito, T., Höglund-Isaksson, L. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7514-3135, Rafaj, P. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1000-5617, Sander, R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6507-0630 & Klimont, Z. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2630-198X (2024). Analysis of trade-offs from the use of hydrogen blended with natural gas in the European Union. DOI:10.5194/egusphere-egu24-10187. In: EGU General Assembly 2024, 14-19 April 2024, Vienna.

Klimont, Z. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2630-198X, Heyes, C. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5254-493X, Rafaj, P. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1000-5617, Höglund-Isaksson, L. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7514-3135, Purohit, P. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7265-6960, Kaltenegger, K. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7751-7794, Gomez Sanabria, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2317-3946, Kim, Y. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5053-5068, Winiwarter, W. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7131-1496, Warnecke, L. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0766-3419 et al. (2023). Global gridded anthropogenic emissions of air pollutants and methane for the period 1990-2050. 10.5281/zenodo.10366131.

Höglund-Isaksson, L. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7514-3135, Purohit, P. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7265-6960, Gomez-Sanabria, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2317-3946, Kaltenegger, K. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7751-7794, Pauls, A., Rafaj, P. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1000-5617, Sander, R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6507-0630, Srivastava, P., Warnecke, L. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0766-3419 & Winiwarter, W. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7131-1496 (2023). Non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions in the EU-27 from 2005 to 2070 with mitigation potentials and costs: GAINS model methodology. IIASA Report. Laxenburg, Austria: IIASA

Shu, Y., Li, H., Wagner, F. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3429-2374, Zhang, S. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2487-8574, Yang, T., Klimont, Z. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2630-198X, Kiesewetter, G. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9369-9812, Wang, H., Sander, R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6507-0630 & Nguyen, B. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2260-8186 (2023). Pathways toward PM2.5 air quality attainment and its CO2 mitigation co-benefits in China's northern cities by 2030. Urban Climate 50, e101584. 10.1016/j.uclim.2023.101584.

Shu, Y., Hu, J., Zhang, S. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2487-8574, Schöpp, W. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5990-423X, Tang, W., Du, J., Cofala, J., Kiesewetter, G. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9369-9812, Sander, R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6507-0630, Winiwarter, W. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7131-1496 et al. (2022). Analysis of the air pollution reduction and climate change mitigation effects of the Three-Year Action Plan for Blue Skies on the “2+26” Cities in China. Journal of Environmental Management 317, e115455. 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115455.

Brocza, F. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6977-9273, Sander, R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6507-0630 & Rafaj, P. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1000-5617 (2022). Future mercury emission reduction in China. In: 15th International Conference on Mercury as a Global Pollutant (ICMGP), 24-29 June 2022, online.

Scott, M., Sander, R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6507-0630, Nemet, G. & Patz, J. (2021). Improving Human Health in China Through Alternative Energy. Frontiers in Public Health 9, e613517. 10.3389/fpubh.2021.613517.

Zhang, S. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2487-8574, Xie, Y., Sander, R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6507-0630, Yue, H. & Shu, Y. (2021). Potentials of energy efficiency improvement and energy–emission–health nexus in Jing-Jin-Ji’s cement industry. Journal of Cleaner Production 278, e123335. 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123335.

Kim, Y. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5053-5068, Woo, J.-h., Jang, Y., Park, M., Kim, B., Amann, M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1963-0972, Klimont, Z. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2630-198X, Wagner, F. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3429-2374, Schöpp, W. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5990-423X & Sander, R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6507-0630 (2020). Evaluation of Air Pollutant Emission Inventories in East Asia. In: EGU General Assembly 2020, 4-8 May 2020, Vienna, Austria.

Majumdar, D., Purohit, P. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7265-6960, Bhanarkar, A.D., Rao, P.S., Rafaj, P. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1000-5617, Amann, M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1963-0972, Sander, R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6507-0630, Pakrashi, A. & Srivastava, A. (2020). Managing future air quality in megacities: Emission inventory and scenario analysis for the Kolkata Metropolitan City, India. Atmospheric Environment 22, e117135. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.117135.

Amann, M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1963-0972, Kiesewetter, G. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9369-9812, Schöpp, W. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5990-423X, Klimont, Z. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2630-198X, Winiwarter, W. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7131-1496, Cofala, J., Rafaj, P. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1000-5617, Höglund-Isaksson, L. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7514-3135, Gomez-Sanabria, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2317-3946, Heyes, C. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5254-493X et al. (2020). Reducing global air pollution: the scope for further policy interventions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 378 (2183), e20190331. 10.1098/rsta.2019.0331.

Kim, Y. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5053-5068, Woo, J.-h., Jang, Y., Kim, J., Kim, B., Amann, M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1963-0972, Klimont, Z. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2630-198X, Wagner, F. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3429-2374, Schöpp, W. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5990-423X & Sander, R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6507-0630 (2019). Development of a Comprehensive Regional Emissions Inventory in Support of Air Quality Modeling and Aircraft Field Campaign over East Asia. In: AGU Fall Meeting, 9-13 December 2019, San Francisco, USA.

Purohit, P. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7265-6960, Amann, M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1963-0972, Kiesewetter, G. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9369-9812, Rafaj, P. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1000-5617, Chaturvedi, V., Dholakia, H.H., Koti, P.N., Klimont, Z. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2630-198X, Borken-Kleefeld, J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5465-8559, Gomez Sanabria, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2317-3946 et al. (2019). Mitigation pathways towards national ambient air quality standards in India. Environment International 133, e105147. 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105147.

Purohit, P. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7265-6960, Amann, M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1963-0972, Kiesewetter, G. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9369-9812, Rafaj, P. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1000-5617, Chaturvedi, V., Dholakia, H., Nagarkoti, P., Klimont, Z. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2630-198X, Borken-Kleefeld, J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5465-8559, Gomez Sanabria, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2317-3946 et al. (2019). Pathways towards clean air in India. In: European Geosciences Union (EGU) General Assembly 2019, 7–12 April 2019, Vienna, Austria.

Åström, S., Kiesewetter, G. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9369-9812, Schöpp, W. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5990-423X, Sander, R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6507-0630 & Andersson, S. (2019). Investment perspectives on costs for air pollution control affect the optimal use of emission control measures. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 21 (3), 695-705. 10.1007/s10098-018-1658-4.

Liu, J., Kiesewetter, G. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9369-9812, Klimont, Z. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2630-198X, Cofala, J., Heyes, C., Schöpp, W., Zhu, T., Cao, G., Gomez Sanabria, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2317-3946, Sander, R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6507-0630 et al. (2019). Mitigation pathways of air pollution from residential emissions in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region in China. Environment International 125, 236-244. 10.1016/j.envint.2018.09.059.

Purohit, P. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7265-6960, Amann, M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1963-0972, Kiesewetter, G. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9369-9812, Chaturvedi, V., Rafaj, P. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1000-5617, Dholakia, H.H., Nagar Koti, P., Klimont, Z. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2630-198X, Borken-Kleefeld, J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5465-8559, Gómez-Sanabria, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2317-3946 et al. (2019). Pathways to Achieve National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) in India. International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) and Council on Energy, Environment and Water (CEEW)

Amann, M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1963-0972, Klimont, Z. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2630-198X, An Ha, T., Rafaj, P. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1000-5617, Kiesewetter, G. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9369-9812, Gomez Sanabria, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2317-3946, Nguyen, B. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2260-8186, Thi Thu, T.N., Thuy, K., Schöpp, W. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5990-423X et al. (2019). Future air quality in Ha Noi and northern Vietnam. IIASA Research Report. Laxenburg, Austria: RR-19-003

Amann, M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1963-0972, Jiming, H., Borken-Kleefeld, J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5465-8559, Cofala, J., Gomez Sanabria, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2317-3946, Heyes, C. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5254-493X, Höglund-Isaksson, L. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7514-3135, Kiesewetter, G. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9369-9812, Klimont, Z. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2630-198X, Nguyen, B. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2260-8186 et al. (2019). Scenarios and Solutions. In: Air Pollution in Asia and the Pacific: Science-based solutions. pp. 61-100 Bangkok, Thailand: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). ISBN 978-92-807-3725-7

Cofala, J., Amann, M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1963-0972, Borken-Kleefeld, J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5465-8559, Gomez Sanabria, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2317-3946, Heyes, C. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5254-493X, Kiesewetter, G. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9369-9812, Sander, R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6507-0630, Schöpp, W. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5990-423X, Holland, M., Fagerli, H. et al. (2018). Final Report The potential for cost-effective air emission reductions from international shipping through designation of further Emission Control Areas in EU waters with focus on the Mediterranean Sea. IIASA Research Report. Laxenburg, Austria: RR-18-002

Bhanarkar, A.D., Purohit, P. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7265-6960, Rafaj, P. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1000-5617, Amann, M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1963-0972, Bertok, I., Cofala, J., Rao, P.S., Vardhan, B.H., Kiesewetter, G. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9369-9812, Sander, R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6507-0630 et al. (2018). Managing future air quality in megacities: Co-benefit assessment for Delhi. Atmospheric Environment 186, 158-177. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.05.026.

Amann, M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1963-0972, Anderl, M., Borken-Kleefeld, J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5465-8559, Cofala, J., Heyes, C. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5254-493X, Höglund-Isaksson, L. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7514-3135, Kiesewetter, G. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9369-9812, Klimont, Z. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2630-198X, Moosmann, L., Rafaj, P. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1000-5617 et al. (2018). Progress towards the achievement of the EU's air quality and emissions objectives. IIASA , Laxenburg, Austria.

Amann, M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1963-0972, Purohit, P. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7265-6960, Bhanarkar, A.D., Bertok, I., Borken-Kleefeld, J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5465-8559, Cofala, J., Heyes, C. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5254-493X, Kiesewetter, G. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9369-9812, Klimont, Z. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2630-198X, Liu, J. et al. (2017). Managing future air quality in megacities: A case study for Delhi. Atmospheric Environment 161, 99-111. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.04.041.

Ciucci, A., D'Elia, I., Wagner, F. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3429-2374, Sander, R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6507-0630, Ciancarella, L., Zanini, G. & Schöpp, W. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5990-423X (2016). Cost-effective reductions of PM2.5 concentrations and exposure in Italy. Atmospheric Environment 140, 84-93. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.05.049.

Klimont, Z. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2630-198X, Höglund-Isaksson, L. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7514-3135, Heyes, C. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5254-493X, Purohit, P. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7265-6960, Schöpp, W. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5990-423X, Rafaj, P. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1000-5617, Kiesewetter, G. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9369-9812, Borken, J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5465-8559 & Sander, R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6507-0630 (2016). SLCP assessment for the Latin America and Caribbean. Final Report (Version 1.0). IIASA Report. International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria.

OECD, IEA, IIASA (2016). Energy and Air Pollution: World Energy Outlook Special Report 2016. International Energy Agency,Paris, France

Cofala, J., Bertok, I., Borken-Kleefeld, J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5465-8559, Heyes, C. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5254-493X, Kiesewetter, G. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9369-9812, Klimont, Z. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2630-198X, Purohit, P. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7265-6960, Rafaj, P. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1000-5617, Sander, R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6507-0630, Schoepp, W. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5990-423X et al. (2015). Implications of energy trajectories from the World Energy Outlook for 2015 for India's air pollution. Final Report submitted to the International Energy Agency, Paris, France

Amann, M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1963-0972, Borken-Kleefeld, J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5465-8559, Cofala, J., Hettelingh, J.-P., Heyes, C. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5254-493X, Höglund-Isaksson, L. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7514-3135, Holland, M., Kiesewetter, G. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9369-9812, Klimont, Z. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2630-198X, Rafaj, P. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1000-5617 et al. (2014). The final policy scenarios of the EU Clean Air Policy Package. XO-14-072

Astroem, S., Morozova, I., Heyes, C. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5254-493X, Cofala, J., Schoepp, W. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5990-423X, Sander, R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6507-0630 & Lindblad, M. (2013). Capacity building on decision support for air pollution policies - Results from Nordic-Russian co-operation. Final Report to NMR, IVL Report B2131, IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute Ltd. (December 2013)

Liu, F., Klimont, Z. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2630-198X, Zhang, Q., Cofala, J., Zhao, L., Huo, H., Nguyen, B. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2260-8186, Schoepp, W. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5990-423X, Sander, R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6507-0630, Zheng, B. et al. (2013). Integrating mitigation of air pollutants and greenhouse gases in Chinese cities: Development of GAINS-City model for Beijing. Journal of Cleaner Production, 25-33. 10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.03.024.

Amann, M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1963-0972, Bertok, I., Borken-Kleefeld, J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5465-8559, Cofala, J., Hetelingh, J.-P., Heyes, C. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5254-493X, Holland, M., Kiesewetter, G. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9369-9812, Klimont, Z. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2630-198X, Rafaj, P. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1000-5617 et al. (2013). Policy Scenarios for the revision of the thematic strategy on air pollution. XO-13-057

Amann, M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1963-0972, Borken-Kleefeld, J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5465-8559, Cofala, J., Heyes, C. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5254-493X, Kiesewetter, G. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9369-9812, Klimont, Z. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2630-198X, Rafaj, P. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1000-5617, Sander, R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6507-0630, Schoepp, W. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5990-423X, Wagner, F. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3429-2374 et al. (2012). TSAP-2012 Baseline: Health and environmental impacts. [[TSAP Report #6]], Version 1.0 (Editor: M. Amann), DG-Environment of the European Commission, Belgium (November 2012)

Cofala, J., Bertok, I., Borken-Kleefeld, J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5465-8559, Heyes, C. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5254-493X, Klimont, Z. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2630-198X, Rafaj, P. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1000-5617, Sander, R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6507-0630, Schoepp, W. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5990-423X & Amann, M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1963-0972 (2012). Emissions of Air Pollutants for the World Energy Outlook 2012 Energy Scenarios. Draft Final Report, submitted to the International Energy Agency, Paris, France (September 2012)

Cofala, J., Bertok, I., Borken-Kleefeld, J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5465-8559, Heyes, C. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5254-493X, Klimont, Z. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2630-198X, Rafaj, P. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1000-5617, Sander, R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6507-0630, Schoepp, W. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5990-423X & Amann, M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1963-0972 (2012). Emissions of air pollutants for the World Energy Outlook 2012 energy scenarios. Final Report to Sponsor: International Energy Agency, Paris, France (June 2012)

Rafaj, P. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1000-5617, Amann, M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1963-0972, Cofala, J. & Sander, R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6507-0630 (2012). Factors determining recent changes of emissions of air pollutants in Europe. [[TSAP Report #2]], Version 1.0, DG-Environment of the European Commission, Belgium (June 2012)

Cofala, J., Borken-Kleefeld, J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5465-8559, Heyes, C. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5254-493X, Klimont, Z. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2630-198X, Rafaj, P. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1000-5617, Sander, R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6507-0630, Schoepp, W. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5990-423X & Amann, M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1963-0972 (2011). Emissions of air pollutants for the World Energy Outlook 2011 Energy Scenarios. Final Report to Sponsor: International Energy Agency, Paris, France (September 2011)

This list was generated on Thu Apr 18 10:47:34 2024 UTC.