RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1016/j.ecosys.2005.03.009 A1 Kutan, A.M. A1 Wyzan, M. T1 Explaining the real exchange rate in Kazakhstan, 1996–2003: Is Kazakhstan vulnerable to the Dutch disease? JF Economic Systems YR 2005 FD 2005-06 VO 29 IS 2 SP 242 OP 255 K1 Dutch disease; Kazakhstan; Oil and energy; Transition AB Kazakhstan possesses extensive natural resource reserves expected to yield significant export revenues. Since independence in 1991, the composition of exports has changed in favor of energy-related sectors. In the context of such evidence and considerable expected future revenues, researchers have pointed to possible Dutch disease effects. This paper examines whether Kazakhstan is vulnerable to this condition. Using an extended version of the Balassa-Samuelson model including the price of oil, we find evidence that changes in those terms had a significant effect on the real exchange rate during 1996-2003, suggesting symptoms of significant Dutch disease effects in Kazakhstan. PB Elsevier SN 09393625 LK https://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/eprint/13474/