?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.relation=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.iiasa.ac.at%2Fid%2Feprint%2F4081%2F&rft.title=Emergency+Air+Protection%3A+Implementing+Smog+Alarm+Systems+in+Central+and+Eastern+Europe&rft.creator=Breiling%2C+M.&rft.description=The+first+alarm+system+for+summer+smog+was+established+in+1948+in+Los+Angeles.+Following+the+tragic+London+Smog+where+several+hundred+people+died%2C+the+Rhine-Ruhr+area+set+up+a+winter+smog+alarm+system+in+the+early+1960s.+Since+that+time%2C+many+industrialized+countries+have+instituted+smog-alarm+systems%2C+which+have+contributed+to+the+reduction+of+air+pollution+risks+to+the+public.+Perhaps+more+importantly%2C+these+systems+have+stimulated+progress+in+air+pollution+abatement+technologies%2C+since+the+costs+of+closing+down+industries+during+smog+episodes+is+often+higher+than+the+necessary+investments+to+reduce+air+pollution.+Today%2C+most+countries+with+smog+alarm+systems+have+very+infrequent+air+pollution+episodes.+%0A%0AThe+situation+is+different+in+industrially+developing+countries%2C+where+serious+air+pollution+episodes+are+frequent.+These+countries+may+need+to+institute+smog+alarm+systems+to+protect+public+health.+For+this+reason%2C+the+Regional+Environmental+Center+for+Central+and+Eastern+Europe+asked+IIASA+to+carry+out+a+study+that+would+help+C%26E+European+countries+establish+their+own+systems+in+collaboration+with+their+neighbors.+%0A%0AThis+report+describes+experience+with+winter+and+summer+smog-alarm+systems+in+western+countries+and+makes+recommendations+for+the+design+of+cost-efficient+and+effective+systems+for+C%26E+Europe.+The+Study+was+carried+out+in+close+collaboration+with+experts+in+these+countries.+We+hope+this+report+is+helpful+in+assuring+that%2C+within+a+few+years%2C+efficient+smog+alarm+systems+are+in+place+within+the+entire+C%26E+European+region.+Moreover%2C+we+hope+the+information+in+this+study+is+useful+to+other+regions%2C+in+particular+the+Russian+Republic%2C+Ukraine%2C+other+states+of+the+former+Soviet+Union%2C+and+also+China%2C+India%2C+Brazil+and+newly+industrializing+countries.&rft.publisher=SR-94-001&rft.date=1994-06&rft.type=Monograph&rft.type=NonPeerReviewed&rft.format=text&rft.language=en&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.iiasa.ac.at%2Fid%2Feprint%2F4081%2F1%2FSR-94-001.pdf&rft.identifier=++Breiling%2C+M.+%3Chttps%3A%2F%2Fpure.iiasa.ac.at%2Fview%2Fiiasa%2F1759.html%3E++(1994).++Emergency+Air+Protection%3A+Implementing+Smog+Alarm+Systems+in+Central+and+Eastern+Europe.+++IIASA+Status+Report.+IIASA%2C+Laxenburg%2C+Austria%3A+SR-94-001+++++