?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.relation=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.iiasa.ac.at%2Fid%2Feprint%2F4091%2F&rft.title=Implementation+and+Effectiveness+of+International+Environmental+Regimes+During+the+Process+of+Transformation+in+Russia&rft.creator=Kotov%2C+V.&rft.description=Hundreds+or+even+thousands+of+international+legal+instruments+on+%22the+environment%22+are+in+existence.+What+happens+to+international+environmental+agreements+once+they+are+signed%2C+and+how+does+the+process+of+implementing+such+agreements+influence+their+effectiveness%3F+These+are+the+questions+that+motivate+the+IIASA+project+%22Implementation+and+Effectiveness+of+International+Environmental+Commitments+(IEC)%22.+Research+teams+are+examining+these+questions+from+many+angles+and+with+different+methods.+%0D%0A%0D%0AIn+this+paper%2C+the+author+examines+the+ways+in+which+international+environmental+agreements+are+implemented+in+the+former+Soviet+Union%2C+especially+Russia.+The+massive+transformation+under+way+in+the+former+command+economies+poses+interesting+questions+and+many+difficulties+for+scholars.+Transformation+affects+behavior+in+all+sectors+of+the+society%2C+and+implementation+of+international+environmental+agreements+is+also+intended+to+affect+behavior.+How+can+scholars+disentangle+the+influences+on+behavior+due+to+transformation+and+those+due+to+implementation+of+international+environmental+agreements%3F+Kotov+examines+the+major+elements+of+the+transformation+under+way+in+Russia+and+focuses+on+how+implementation+of+international+environmental+agreements+might+affect+and+be+affected+by+the+transformation.+In+doing+so%2C+he+lays+one+foundation+for+disaggregating+these+different+influences+on+behavior.+%0D%0A%0D%0ATransformation+is+marked+by+the+relative+absence+of+planning+and+implementation+because+the+old+system+of+commands+has+collapsed+and+a+new+system+has+not+yet+effectively+emerged.+A+major+challenge+for+the+new+system+is+to+manage+the+decentralization+of+authority+and+decision-making+that+accompanies+the+organization+of+society+around+markets+rather+than+commands.+Kotov+notes+that+during+the+transformation+process+much+more+of+the+activity+and+policy+planning+that+is+relevant+for+implementation+of+international+environmental+agreements+now+takes+place+at+the+local+level.+Direct+implementation+of+plans+and+standards+has+decreased+markedly%3B+the+role+of+negotiation+has+increased%2C+leading+to+widely+varied+outcomes.+Under+the+command+system%2C+when+the+planning+process+was+mobilized+to+implement+an+agreement%2C+implementation+was+easier.+Many+decisions+made+during+the+transformation+period+will+have+long-term+consequences+for+the+implementation+of+international+environmental+agreements.+Among+these+are+choices+about+distribution+and+control+over+property+rights.+%0D%0A%0D%0AThe+IEC+project+is+now+sponsoring+several+in-depth+case+studies+--+notably+on+the+European+acid+rain+agreement+(including+a+study+of+implementing+acid+rain+controls+on+the+Kola+Peninsula)+and+the+agreements+to+control+pollution+in+the+Baltic+Sea.+Those+empirical+studies+employ+some+of+the+concepts+and+questions+elaborated+in+this+paper.&rft.publisher=WP-94-123&rft.date=1994-12&rft.type=Monograph&rft.type=NonPeerReviewed&rft.format=text&rft.language=en&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.iiasa.ac.at%2Fid%2Feprint%2F4091%2F1%2FWP-94-123.pdf&rft.identifier=++Kotov%2C+V.+%3Chttps%3A%2F%2Fpure.iiasa.ac.at%2Fview%2Fiiasa%2F1386.html%3E++(1994).++Implementation+and+Effectiveness+of+International+Environmental+Regimes+During+the+Process+of+Transformation+in+Russia.+++IIASA+Working+Paper.+IIASA%2C+Laxenburg%2C+Austria%3A+WP-94-123+++++