?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.relation=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.iiasa.ac.at%2Fid%2Feprint%2F4156%2F&rft.title=The+State+of+the+Art+in+Economic+Instruments+and+Institution+for+Water+Quality+Management&rft.creator=Smith%2C+M.G.&rft.description=Economic+instruments+for+environmental+quality+management+have+received+widespread+attention+in+the+Central+and+Eastern+European+(CEE)+countries+as+a+means+of+achieving+improved+environmental+quality+at+the+lowest+cost.+This+paper+describes+the+economic+instruments+currently+used+in+water+quality+management+--+charges%2C+subsidies+and+effluent+trading%2C+then+reviews+the+experience+of+Western+countries+in+exercising+these+policies.+The+paper+further+identifies+new+institutional+developments+aimed+at+achieving+more+effective+environmental+quality+management.+Based+upon+this+experience+with+both+instruments+and+institutions+in+Western+countries%2C+lessons+are+offered+for+improving+water+quality+management+policy+in+Central+and+Eastern+Europe.&rft.publisher=WP-94-055&rft.date=1994-06&rft.type=Monograph&rft.type=NonPeerReviewed&rft.format=text&rft.language=en&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.iiasa.ac.at%2Fid%2Feprint%2F4156%2F1%2FWP-94-055.pdf&rft.identifier=++Smith%2C+M.G.+%3Chttps%3A%2F%2Fpure.iiasa.ac.at%2Fview%2Fiiasa%2F2759.html%3E++(1994).++The+State+of+the+Art+in+Economic+Instruments+and+Institution+for+Water+Quality+Management.+++IIASA+Working+Paper.+IIASA%2C+Laxenburg%2C+Austria%3A+WP-94-055+++++