?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.relation=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.iiasa.ac.at%2Fid%2Feprint%2F4185%2F&rft.title=Financial+Instruments+for+the+Control+of+Transboundary+Pollution&rft.creator=Nentjes%2C+A.&rft.description=International+agreements+to+protect+the+environment+usually+have+the+form+of+promises+between+countries+to+reduce+pollution+on+a+reciprocal+base.+Such+a+solution+can+be+Pareto-efficient+if+transboundary+pollution+is+reciprocal+and%2C+on+top+of+that%2C+negotiators+reveal+truly+the+preferences+of+their+governments+for+environmental+quality+and+the+national+costs+of+pollution+control.+%0D%0A%0D%0AHowever%2C+there+are+conditions+under+which+the+outcomes+in+terms+of+welfare+gains+can+be+improved+by+making+payments+between+countries+a+part+of+the+deal.+The+paper+discusses+the+following+categories%3A+%0D%0A%0D%0A(1)+International+money+payment+in+exchange+for+additional+pollution+control+abroad+and+simultaneous+reduction+of+control+effort+at+home+as+a+complement+to+existing+international+agreements%3A+Joint+Implementation.+%0D%0A%0D%0A(2)+Money+transfers+as+an+instrument+to+make+an+agreement+on+transboundary+pollution+feasible%3A+control+of+unidirectional+pollution+and+(ambitious)+proportional+reciprocal+reduction+of+emissions+belong+to+this+class.+%0D%0A%0D%0A(3)+International+care.+A+country+cares+about+the+environment%2C+or+about+the+standard+of+living+in+another+country.+At+first+sight+such+considerations+of+international+care+seem+to+offer+an+argument+for+international+subsidies.+However%2C+it+will+be+shown+that+this+is+not+necessarily+so%2C+since+care+considerations+are+already+reflected+in+the+'rates+of+exchange'+of+the+agreement+to+reduce+emissions+reciprocally.&rft.publisher=WP-94-024&rft.date=1994-04&rft.type=Monograph&rft.type=NonPeerReviewed&rft.format=text&rft.language=en&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.iiasa.ac.at%2Fid%2Feprint%2F4185%2F1%2FWP-94-024.pdf&rft.identifier=++Nentjes%2C+A.+%3Chttps%3A%2F%2Fpure.iiasa.ac.at%2Fview%2Fiiasa%2F1473.html%3E++(1994).++Financial+Instruments+for+the+Control+of+Transboundary+Pollution.+++IIASA+Working+Paper.+IIASA%2C+Laxenburg%2C+Austria%3A+WP-94-024+++++