?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.relation=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.iiasa.ac.at%2Fid%2Feprint%2F4195%2F&rft.title=Nutrient+Efficiency+in+Dairy+Farming%3A+Nitrogen%2C+Phosphorus%2C+and+Potassium+Use+in+the+Netherlands%2C+Spain%2C+and+Poland&rft.creator=Langeveld%2C+J.W.A.&rft.description=Nutrient+flows+are+calculated+for+dairy+farms+in+three+countries%3A+The+Netherlands%2C+Spain+and+Poland.+Incoming+flows+are+compared+with+outgoing+flows%2C+where+a+distinction+is+made+between+nutrients+that+leave+the+farm+in+the+form+of+farm+products+and+other+flows.+Non-product+flows+are+considered+as+undesirable+although+they+may+contain+storage+of+nutrients+in+the+soil.+Efficiency+of+farm+production+is+expressed+as+total+amount+of+unutilized+nutrients+per+hectare+(nutrient+surplus)+or+as+part+of+available+nutrients+that+are+recovered+in+the+products+(nutrient+efficiency).+This+allows+comparison+of+efficiency+rates+in+the+countries+that+were+studied.+%0D%0A%0D%0ANutrient+efficiency+is+calculated+for+the+use+of+nitrogen%2C+phosphorus+and+potassium%2C+being+the+most+important+nutrients+in+agriculture.+Specific+data+for+dairy+farming+were+lacking+for+Spain+and+Poland.+In+these+cases%2C+general+data+were+used.+%0D%0A%0D%0ALarge+differences+are+found+between+the+countries.+Nutrient+surplus+is+very+high+in+The+Netherlands%2C+where+efficiency+is+low%3A+about+20%25+of+the+available+nitrogen+and+35%25+of+phosphorus+and+potassium+is+recovered+in+farm+products.+Surplus+of+nutrients+in+Spain+is+limited+to+65kg+of+nitrogen+and+less+than+10kg+of+phosphorus+and+potassium.+Polish+agriculture+fully+utilizes+available+phosphate+and+potassium+while+nitrogen+surplus+is+less+than+30kg+per+hectare.+Efficiency+rates+in+this+country+are+very+high+(50+to+100%25).+They+are+about+double+of+those+in+Spain.+%0D%0A%0D%0ADifferences+that+are+found+between+countries+reflect+differences+in+production+background.+They+refer+to+other+farm+styles%2C+where+production+takes+place+under+specific+policy+or+economic+conditions.+Figures+on+The+Netherlands+apply+to+intensive+and+specialized+in+dairy+farms%2C+while+data+for+Spain+and+Poland+refer+to+general+and+mixed+farming+conditions.+Using+comparable%2C+average+data+for+The+Netherlands+does+not+change+the+outcome.+This+is+due+to+the+high+animal+density+(number+of+animals+per+hectare)+and+general+intensive+farming+practices+in+this+country.+%0D%0A%0D%0AThe+influence+of+policy+environment+on+nutrient+applications+and+efficiency+is+demonstrated+by+a+comparison+of+efficiency+rates+in+Dutch+dairy+farming+during+different+years.+It+appears+that+policy+measures+like+production+quotation+has+lead+to+a+steady+improvement+of+nutrient+efficiency+(efficiency+increased+with+40%25).+Likewise%2C+economic+changes+in+Poland+have+lead+to+a+strong+decline+in+fertilizer+and+feed+purchases+per+farm.+This+has+had+however+limited+effect+on+nutrient+efficiency.+%0D%0A%0D%0AComparison+of+efficiency+rates+should+be+accompanied+by+an+analysis+of+farming+conditions.+While+most+figures+relate+to+averages+of+large+numbers+of+farms+in+different+areas%2C+little+is+known+of+the+effect+this+has+on+the+outcome+of+the+calculations.+Nutrient+efficiency+can+vary+enormously+between+farm+types+or+regions.+Studies+reveal+that+these+differences+probably+are+related+to+animal+density%2C+fertilizer+application+and+production+of+animal+feed.+%0D%0A%0D%0ANotwithstanding+the+use+of+average+and+general+data+it+is+felt+that+the+outcome+of+this+study+sheds+some+light+on+different+production+practices+in+Europe+and+the+efficiency+of+nutrient+use+in+The+Netherlands%2C+Spain+and+Poland.+The+outcome%2C+however%2C+is+general+and+not+applicable+to+specific+local+production+situations.&rft.publisher=WP-94-014&rft.date=1994-03&rft.type=Monograph&rft.type=NonPeerReviewed&rft.format=text&rft.language=en&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.iiasa.ac.at%2Fid%2Feprint%2F4195%2F1%2FWP-94-014.pdf&rft.identifier=++Langeveld%2C+J.W.A.+%3Chttps%3A%2F%2Fpure.iiasa.ac.at%2Fview%2Fiiasa%2F2097.html%3E++(1994).++Nutrient+Efficiency+in+Dairy+Farming%3A+Nitrogen%2C+Phosphorus%2C+and+Potassium+Use+in+the+Netherlands%2C+Spain%2C+and+Poland.+++IIASA+Working+Paper.+IIASA%2C+Laxenburg%2C+Austria%3A+WP-94-014+++++