?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.relation=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.iiasa.ac.at%2Fid%2Feprint%2F4461%2F&rft.title=Working+Less+and+Living+Longer%3A+Long-term+Trends+in+Working+Time+and+Time+Budgets&rft.creator=Ausubel%2C+J.H.&rft.creator=Grubler%2C+A.&rft.description=Analyses+of+time+series+data+beginning+in+the+mid-nineteenth+century+in+the+industrialized+nations%2C+especially+in+the+United+Kingdom%2C+show+that+on+average+people+are+working+significantly+less+while+living+longer.+Although+the+average+career+length+has+remained+around+40+years%2C+the+total+lifetime+hours+worked+shrank+for+an+average+British+worker+from+124%2C000+hours+in+1856+to+69%2C000+in+1981.+The+fraction+of+disposable+lifetime+hours+spent+working+declined+from+50%25+to+20%25.+The+female+share+of+career+years+doubled%2C+however%2C+to+30%25.+If+the+long-term+trends+continue+at+their+historic+rates%2C+the+working+week+might+average+27+hours+by+the+year+2050.+The+secular+trend+away+from+the+formalized+work+contract+to+other+socially+obligatory+activities+and+free+time+implies+numerous+challenges+for+human+societies.&rft.publisher=RR-96-004.+Reprinted+from+Technological+Forecasting+and+Social+Change%2C+50(3)%3A195-213&rft.date=1995&rft.type=Monograph&rft.type=PeerReviewed&rft.format=text&rft.language=en&rft.rights=cc_by&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.iiasa.ac.at%2Fid%2Feprint%2F4461%2F1%2FRR-96-04.pdf&rft.identifier=++Ausubel%2C+J.H.+%3Chttps%3A%2F%2Fpure.iiasa.ac.at%2Fview%2Fiiasa%2F1698.html%3E+%26+Grubler%2C+A.+%3Chttps%3A%2F%2Fpure.iiasa.ac.at%2Fview%2Fiiasa%2F112.html%3E+ORCID%3A+https%3A%2F%2Forcid.org%2F0000-0002-7814-4990+%3Chttps%3A%2F%2Forcid.org%2F0000-0002-7814-4990%3E++(1995).++Working+Less+and+Living+Longer%3A+Long-term+Trends+in+Working+Time+and+Time+Budgets.+++IIASA+Research+Report+(Reprint).+IIASA%2C+Laxenburg%2C+Austria%3A+RR-96-004.+Reprinted+from+Technological+Forecasting+and+Social+Change%2C+50(3)%3A195-213+++++