eprintid: 4461 rev_number: 14 eprint_status: archive userid: 351 dir: disk0/00/00/44/61 datestamp: 2016-01-15 02:05:47 lastmod: 2021-08-27 17:15:09 status_changed: 2016-01-15 02:05:47 type: monograph metadata_visibility: show item_issues_count: 3 creators_name: Ausubel, J.H. creators_name: Grubler, A. creators_id: AL0460 creators_id: 1115 creators_orcid: 0000-0002-7814-4990 title: Working Less and Living Longer: Long-term Trends in Working Time and Time Budgets ispublished: pub internal_subjects: iis_ene internal_subjects: iis_env internal_subjects: iis_mnt internal_subjects: iis_mod divisions: prog_ecs abstract: Analyses of time series data beginning in the mid-nineteenth century in the industrialized nations, especially in the United Kingdom, show that on average people are working significantly less while living longer. Although the average career length has remained around 40 years, the total lifetime hours worked shrank for an average British worker from 124,000 hours in 1856 to 69,000 in 1981. The fraction of disposable lifetime hours spent working declined from 50% to 20%. The female share of career years doubled, however, to 30%. If the long-term trends continue at their historic rates, the working week might average 27 hours by the year 2050. The secular trend away from the formalized work contract to other socially obligatory activities and free time implies numerous challenges for human societies. date: 1995 date_type: published publisher: RR-96-004. Reprinted from Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 50(3):195-213 iiasapubid: RP-96-004 price: 10 creators_browse_id: 1698 creators_browse_id: 112 full_text_status: public monograph_type: research_reprint publication: Technological Forecasting and Social Change volume: 50 number: 3 place_of_pub: IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria pagerange: 195-213 pages: 24 refereed: TRUE coversheets_dirty: FALSE fp7_type: info:eu-repo/semantics/book citation: Ausubel, J.H. & Grubler, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7814-4990 (1995). Working Less and Living Longer: Long-term Trends in Working Time and Time Budgets. IIASA Research Report (Reprint). IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria: RR-96-004. Reprinted from Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 50(3):195-213 document_url: https://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/eprint/4461/1/RR-96-04.pdf