?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.relation=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.iiasa.ac.at%2Fid%2Feprint%2F4463%2F&rft.title=First-+and+Second-Law+Efficiencies+of+the+Global+and+Regional+Energy+Systems&rft.creator=Gilli%2C+P.V.&rft.creator=Nakicenovic%2C+N.&rft.creator=Kurz%2C+R.&rft.description=The+paper+presents+estimates+of+the+global+energy+efficiency+improvement+potential+by+applying+first-+and+second-law%2C+or+exergy%2C+analysis+to+regional+and+global+energy+balances.+The+investigation+is+based+on+the+uniform+analysis+of+national+and+regional+energy+balances+and+the+aggregation+of+these+balances+into+the+main+regions+and+subsequently+into+world+totals.+The+procedure+involves+the+assessment+of+exergy+efficiencies+at+each+step+of+energy+conversion%2C+from+primary+to+final+and+useful+exergy.+Ideally%2C+the+analysis+should+be+extended+to+actual+energy+services+delivered.+Unfortunately%2C+data+are+scarce+and+only+rough+estimates+can+be+given+for+the+last+stage+of+the+energy+chain.+The+overall+result+is+that+current+global+useful+exergy+efficiency+is+about+one-tenth+of+the+theoretical+maximum+and+service+efficiency+is+only+a+few+percent.+Whereas+conventional+energy+analysis+grossly+overestimates+the+prevailing+conversion+efficiencies%2C+exergy+analysis+provides+a+more+appropriate+yardstick.+%0D%0A%0D%0AEnergy+efficiency+improvements+are+considered+one+of+the+most+effective+means+of+decreasing+global+energy+requirements+and+related+adverse+environmental+impacts+without+reducing+the+quality+of+energy+services+delivered.+Historical+analysis+for+the+energy+systems+shows+continuous+efficiency+improvements+of+energy+chains+of+about+1%25+per+year%2C+measured+by+energy+intensity%2C+due+to+technological%2C+structural%2C+and+social+changes%3B+it+also+allows+some+prospectives+into+the+future.+Efficiency+improvements+of+energy+supply+are+mostly+technology-driven%2C+whereas+improvements+in+energy+use+depend+more+on+lifestyles.&rft.publisher=RR-96-002.+Reprinted+from+More+Efficient+Use+of+Energy%2C+Proceedings+of+the+16th+WEC+Congress%2C+Tokyo%2C+8-13+October+1995%2C+World+Energy+Council%2C+London%2C+UK+%5B1995%5D.&rft.date=1995&rft.type=Monograph&rft.type=PeerReviewed&rft.format=text&rft.language=en&rft.rights=cc_by&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.iiasa.ac.at%2Fid%2Feprint%2F4463%2F1%2FRR-96-02.pdf&rft.identifier=++Gilli%2C+P.V.%2C+Nakicenovic%2C+N.+%3Chttps%3A%2F%2Fpure.iiasa.ac.at%2Fview%2Fiiasa%2F214.html%3E+ORCID%3A+https%3A%2F%2Forcid.org%2F0000-0001-7176-4604+%3Chttps%3A%2F%2Forcid.org%2F0000-0001-7176-4604%3E%2C+%26+Kurz%2C+R.+%3Chttps%3A%2F%2Fpure.iiasa.ac.at%2Fview%2Fiiasa%2F1398.html%3E++(1995).++First-+and+Second-Law+Efficiencies+of+the+Global+and+Regional+Energy+Systems.+++IIASA+Research+Report+(Reprint).+IIASA%2C+Laxenburg%2C+Austria%3A+RR-96-002.+Reprinted+from+More+Efficient+Use+of+Energy%2C+Proceedings+of+the+16th+WEC+Congress%2C+Tokyo%2C+8-13+October+1995%2C+World+Energy+Council%2C+London%2C+UK+%5B1995%5D.+++++