?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.relation=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.iiasa.ac.at%2Fid%2Feprint%2F4468%2F&rft.title=The+Influence+of+Political+Culture+on+the+Formation+of+Pre-Regime+Climate+Change+Policies+in+Sweden%2C+the+United+States%2C+and+Japan&rft.creator=Johnson%2C+A.K.&rft.description=This+paper+tests+the+claims+of+cultural+theory+using+the+formation+of+climate+change+policies+in+Sweden%2C+the+United+States+and+Japan+as+case+studies.+Cultural+theory+is+frequently+employed+by+social+scientists+to+explain+various+aspects+of+human+behavior.+The+theory+posits+that+any+social+group+consists+of+three+main+cultural+types%3A+the+egalitarian%2C+the+market-oriented%2C+and+the+hierarchical.+Though+all+groups+contain+elements+of+each%2C+one+cultural+type+usually+predominates%2C+giving+the+group+its+unique+decision-making+character.+In+the+egalitarian+group%2C+for+example%2C+decision-making+is+based+on+broad+consensus+of+the+group%2C+and+decisions+are+aimed+at+providing+equal+benefits+to+all+members.+In+a+market+culture%2C+by+contrast%2C+the+primary+focus+is+on+maximizing+benefits+to+the+individual.+Decisions+are+often+made+based+on+market+principles+(i.e.%2C+relative+prices).+In+a+hierarchy-dominant+society%2C+decision-making+is+highly+centralized%2C+with+a+few+powerful+bodies+making+decisions+for+the+entire+society.+This+type+of+group+tends+to+be+very+bureaucratic%2C+with+a+great+deal+of+emphasis+on+administrative+procedure.+This+paper+applies+cultural+theory+at+the+national+level+and+tests+to+what+extent+the+theory+is+able+to+project+how+countries+will+respond+in+addressing+the+issue+of+global+warming.++For+the+purposes+of+this+study%2C+Sweden+best+represents+the+egalitarian-dominant+culture%3B+the+United+States+best+exemplifies+market-dominant+culture%2C+and+Japan+is+the+most+appropriate+example+of+a+culture+dominated+by+hierarchical+elements.+%0D%0A%0D%0ATo+test+the+theory%2C+the+following+five+questions+are+asked%3A+(1)+What+does+the+theory+predict+about+how+countries+will+view+their+role+in+a+global+commons+problem%3F+(2)+What+does+the+theory+predict+about+the+nature+of+the+policy-making+process+within+each+society%3F+(3)+What+does+the+theory+predict+about+each+country's+likely+choice+of+policy+instruments%3F+(4)+What+does+the+theory+predict+about+the+speed+of+policy-making+and+implementation%3F+(5)+What+does+the+theory+predict+about+how+countries+will+view+the+role+of+technology+in+solving+environmental+problems%3F+And+if+there+is+a+role%2C+where+does+the+drive+to+innovate+originate%3F+%0D%0A%0D%0AThe+paper+then+describes+the+development+of+global+climate+change+policies+in+each+of+the+three+countries%2C+including+a+discussion+of+the+motivations+that+led+each+country+to+act+on+the+issue.+Finally%2C+it+analyzes+to+what+extent+actual+events+in+the+three+countries+corresponded+to+the+theory's+predictions.+%0D%0A%0D%0AThe+theory+was+strongest+in+predicting+the+nature+of+the+policy-making+process+and+weakest+in+predicting+the+choice+of+policy+instruments.+In+spite+of+its+limitations%2C+cultural+theory+suggests+the+importance+of+cultural+influences+in+the+policy-making+process.+Because+it+helps+us+to+understand+how+different+types+of+societies+arrive+at+decisions+regarding+matters+of+international+concern%2C+moreover%2C+the+theory+could+prove+extremely+useful+to+those+involved+in+developing+international+agreements%2C+enabling+them+to+formulate+an+agreement+which+is+compatible+with+various+types+of+societies.&rft.publisher=WP-95-130&rft.date=1995-12&rft.type=Monograph&rft.type=NonPeerReviewed&rft.format=text&rft.language=en&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.iiasa.ac.at%2Fid%2Feprint%2F4468%2F1%2FWP-95-130.pdf&rft.identifier=++Johnson%2C+A.K.+%3Chttps%3A%2F%2Fpure.iiasa.ac.at%2Fview%2Fiiasa%2F2867.html%3E++(1995).++The+Influence+of+Political+Culture+on+the+Formation+of+Pre-Regime+Climate+Change+Policies+in+Sweden%2C+the+United+States%2C+and+Japan.+++IIASA+Working+Paper.+IIASA%2C+Laxenburg%2C+Austria%3A+WP-95-130+++++