eprintid: 4655 rev_number: 6 eprint_status: archive userid: 351 dir: disk0/00/00/46/55 datestamp: 2016-01-15 02:06:46 lastmod: 2021-08-27 17:36:13 status_changed: 2016-01-15 02:06:46 type: article metadata_visibility: show item_issues_count: 1 creators_name: Andresen, S. creators_id: 1561 title: Implementation of international environmental commitments: The case of the northern seas ispublished: pub internal_subjects: iis_neg internal_subjects: iis_env internal_subjects: iis_wat divisions: prog_iec keywords: Effectiveness; International cooperation; Baltic; North Sea; Northeast Atlantic; Regime abstract: This paper sets out to discuss the effectiveness of two regional environmental regimes: the North Sea/North-East Atlantic and the Baltic. Effectiveness is conceived of in terms of (1) outputs: decisions flowing from the regime; (2) outcome: behavioural change resulting from the regime; and finally (3) impact: consequences of the regime for the natural environment. Outputs are fairly easy to measure, and both regimes have a rather high score on this indicator, especially in more recent years. Outcome, however, is more important if we want to know more about the tangible consequences of the regime. Nevertheless, this yardstick is more difficult to apply and knowledge is much more limited. Both regimes seem to have a lower score on this dimension, especially the Baltic regime; not least because this regime faces a more difficult problem than the North Sea regime. As to impact, which is the most important dimension, uncertainty is even higher and any ranking is premature. The main challenges in this field at present are to learn more about outcome; to focus on the causal links between the international regime level and the domestic implementation process; and to determine how much of domestic behaviour is due to the regime rather than other factors? Several major social science research projects are now underway to untangle this intricate process. date: 1996-07 date_type: published publisher: Elsevier id_number: 10.1016/0048-9697(96)05095-4 iiasapubid: XJ-96-050 iiasa_bibref: Science of the Total Environment; 186(1-2):149-167 (16 July 1996) iiasa_bibnotes: [doi:10.1016/0048-9697(96)05095-4] creators_browse_id: 1124 full_text_status: none publication: Science of the Total Environment volume: 186 number: 1 pagerange: 149-167 refereed: TRUE issn: 1879-1026 coversheets_dirty: FALSE fp7_type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article citation: Andresen, S. (1996). Implementation of international environmental commitments: The case of the northern seas. Science of the Total Environment 186 (1) 149-167. 10.1016/0048-9697(96)05095-4 .