?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.relation=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.iiasa.ac.at%2Fid%2Feprint%2F4892%2F&rft.title=Education%2C+Tenure+and+Innovation+in+Manufacturing+Firms&rft.creator=Leiponen%2C+A.&rft.description=This+study+describes+the+stock+of+education+and+firm-specific+work+experience+in+a+sample+of+Finnish+manufacturing+firms.+The+focus+is+in+particular+on+the+interaction+of+these+competence+measures+with+innovation.+Generally+speaking+the+levels+of+education+are+rising.+Especially%2C+the+share+of+employees+with+a+technical+or+natural+scientific+degree+is+increasing%2C+together+with+the+number+of+post-graduate+degree+employees.+However%2C+the+sectoral+differences+are+considerable.+Industries+of+rapid+technological+change+are+very+intensive+in+general+and+higher+technical+competences.+In+capital+intensive+industries%2C+instead%2C+the+average+tenure+is+clearly+longer+and+the+level+of+education+lower.+%0D%0A%0D%0AThe+differences+between+innovating+and+non-innovating+firms+are+examined%2C+as+well.+Innovating+firms+have+a+more+educated+labor+force%2C+and+they+are+more+profitable+than+non-innovators.+The+better+economic+performance+may+result+from+the+flexibility+of+innovating+firms.+For+instance%2C+they+recovered+clearly+more+rapidly+from+the+economic+slump+of+the+turn+of+the+decade+1980-90.+%0D%0A%0D%0AProduct+and+process+innovating+firms+are+characterized+also+with+principal+components.+The+results+lend+support+to+the+hypothesis+that+the+size+of+the+the+firm+affects+the+composition+of+R%26D.+It+is+observed+that+non-innovators+are+small+and+stagnating+firms.+Product+innovators+are+slightly+bigger%2C+rather+labor+intensive%2C+and+endowed+with+high+and+increasing+levels+of+general+and+technical+competences.+Comprehensive+innovators%2C+i.e.+firms+carrying+out+both+product+and+process+innovation+remind+in+many+respects+product+innovators%2C+but+are+bigger%2C+and+have+started+to+decrease+their+labor+intensity.+Finally%2C+process+innovators+are+the+largest+firms+on+average.+Their+labor+intensity+is+significantly+lower%2C+and+they+rely+more+on+research+competences+than+general+or+technical+skills.&rft.publisher=WP-96-135&rft.date=1996-12&rft.type=Monograph&rft.type=NonPeerReviewed&rft.format=text&rft.language=en&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.iiasa.ac.at%2Fid%2Feprint%2F4892%2F1%2FWP-96-135.pdf&rft.identifier=++Leiponen%2C+A.+%3Chttps%3A%2F%2Fpure.iiasa.ac.at%2Fview%2Fiiasa%2F1411.html%3E++(1996).++Education%2C+Tenure+and+Innovation+in+Manufacturing+Firms.+++IIASA+Working+Paper.+IIASA%2C+Laxenburg%2C+Austria%3A+WP-96-135+++++