?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.relation=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.iiasa.ac.at%2Fid%2Feprint%2F4914%2F&rft.title=Regulating+Transboundary+Movements+of+Hazardous+Wastes%3A+The+Basel+Convention+and+the+Effectiveness+of+the+Prior+Informed+Consent+(PIC)+Procedure&rft.creator=Krueger%2C+J.&rft.description=One+of+the+most+contentious+environmental+issues+recognized+in+the+1980s+was+the+growth+in+uncontrolled+transboundary+movements+of+hazardous+wastes%2C+notably+from+rich%2C+industrialized+countries+to+developing+countries+that+lack+the+administrative+and+technological+resources+to+dispose+of+or+recycle+this+waste+safely.+One+response+to+this+'toxic+trade'+was+the+1989+Basel+Convention+on+the+Control+of+Transboundary+Movements+of+Hazardous+Wastes+and+Their+Disposal.+Its+key+regulatory+provision+is+the+mechanism+of+prior+informed+consent+(PIC)+which+requires+that+Parties+not+export+hazardous+wastes+to+another+Party+unless+the+'competent+authority'+in+the+state+of+import+has+been+properly+informed+and+has+consented+to+the+trade.+%0D%0A%0D%0AThis+paper+assesses+the+effectiveness+of+PIC.+It+concludes%2C+first%2C+that+the+lack+of+adequate+data+regarding+the+functioning+of+PIC+limits+assessments+of+its+effectiveness.+This+problem+is+best+resolved+by+having+the+data+on+notifications+and+responses+flow+through+the+Secretariat+of+the+Basel+Convention+so+that+PIC+can+be+monitored.+Presently%2C+the+Secretariat+has+no+ability+to+do+this.+%0D%0A%0D%0ASecond%2C+the+most+recent+data+show+that+waste+trade+proposals+to+non-OECD+countries+are+increasing+and+rejection+rates+to+those+proposals+are+decreasing.+Although+the+causes+of+these+trends+are+difficult+to+specify%2C+the+increasing+number+of+proposals+is+of+concern+because+of+the+lack+of+administrative+and+financial+resources+in+developing+countries.+The+validity+of+their+'consent'+is+uncertain.+The+issue+of+hazardous+waste+trading+is+not+only+related+to+the+functioning+of+PIC%2C+but+also+to+the+capacity+of+the+actors+involved.+%0D%0A%0D%0AThird%2C+current+controversies+within+the+Basel+Convention+reconsider+many+of+the+same+fundamental+questions+that+were+present+when+PIC+was+chosen+as+the+regulatory+mechanism+for+the+Convention.+The+debate+over+the+effectiveness+of+a+ban+versus+the+effectiveness+of+PIC+is+a+sideshow+to+the+more+fundamental+questions+about+the+desirability+of+the+trade+in+hazardous+wastes.+If+this+trade+is+desired%2C+then+a+functionally+complex+procedure+such+as+PIC+is+probably+necessary.+However%2C+the+ability+to+monitor+PIC+must+be+improved.&rft.publisher=WP-96-113&rft.date=1996-09&rft.type=Monograph&rft.type=NonPeerReviewed&rft.format=text&rft.language=en&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.iiasa.ac.at%2Fid%2Feprint%2F4914%2F1%2FWP-96-113.pdf&rft.identifier=++Krueger%2C+J.+%3Chttps%3A%2F%2Fpure.iiasa.ac.at%2Fview%2Fiiasa%2F1392.html%3E++(1996).++Regulating+Transboundary+Movements+of+Hazardous+Wastes%3A+The+Basel+Convention+and+the+Effectiveness+of+the+Prior+Informed+Consent+(PIC)+Procedure.+++IIASA+Working+Paper.+IIASA%2C+Laxenburg%2C+Austria%3A+WP-96-113+++++