?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.relation=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.iiasa.ac.at%2Fid%2Feprint%2F4990%2F&rft.title=Emission+Reduction+Through+Restructuring+of+the+Non-Ferrous+Metal+Industry+in+the+Ruhr+Area.+A+Historical+Record&rft.creator=Schucht%2C+S.&rft.description=This+working+paper+describes+those+determinants+of+intrasectoral+change+within+the+sector+of+non-ferrous+metal+production+in+the+Ruhr+Area%2C+Northrhine-Westfalia%2C+which+contributed+to+the+reduction+of+atmospheric+heavy+metal+emissions+since+the+mid-sixties%2C+as+well+as+the+driving+forces+behind+these+intrasectoral+changes.+It+constitutes+part+of+the+Rhine%2FBlack+Triangle+Policy+Comparison+Study+at+IIASA.+%0D%0A%0D%0AIntrasectoral+changes+pertaining+to+the+emission+of+atmospheric+heavy+metals+are+shown+to+have+consisted%2C+in+the+first+place%2C+of+process+changes+whose+main+characteristic+was+increased+processing+of+production+residues%2C+i.e.+a+closing+of+economic+(material)+cycles%2C+thus+increasing+recycling+and+decreasing+waste.+The+second+most+important+development+was+the+application+of+gradually+improved+off-gas+collection+and+cleaning+technologies+(end-of-pipe+technologies).+%0D%0A%0D%0AClosures+of+old+plants+also+have+contributed+to+the+decrease+in+heavy+metal+emissions.+Although+capacities+were+increased+during+the+period+of+the+investigation+(1955+to+1988)%2C+these+capacity+increases+were+brought+about+with+modernized+technologies%2C+which+are+less+emission+intensive+than+those+used+in+the+older+plants.+%0D%0A%0D%0AThree+major+factors+were+the+driving+forces+behind+the+intrasectoral+change%3A+developments+in+legal+requirements+(air+pollution+control)%3B+economic+motivations+of+the+enterprises%3B+and+financial+support+from+public+institutions.+An+open+question+is+whether+various+residues+resulting+from+the+more+modern+processing+technologies+are%2C+from+an+environmental+point+of+view%2C+more+hazardous+than+heavy+metal+emissions.&rft.publisher=WP-96-036&rft.date=1996-04&rft.type=Monograph&rft.type=NonPeerReviewed&rft.format=text&rft.language=en&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.iiasa.ac.at%2Fid%2Feprint%2F4990%2F1%2FWP-96-036.pdf&rft.identifier=++Schucht%2C+S.+%3Chttps%3A%2F%2Fpure.iiasa.ac.at%2Fview%2Fiiasa%2F1559.html%3E++(1996).++Emission+Reduction+Through+Restructuring+of+the+Non-Ferrous+Metal+Industry+in+the+Ruhr+Area.+A+Historical+Record.+++IIASA+Working+Paper.+IIASA%2C+Laxenburg%2C+Austria%3A+WP-96-036+++++