?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.relation=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.iiasa.ac.at%2Fid%2Feprint%2F5013%2F&rft.title=A+Simplified+Model+to+Predict+Long-Term+Ozone+Concentrations+in+Europe&rft.creator=Heyes%2C+C.&rft.creator=Schoepp%2C+W.&rft.creator=Amann%2C+M.&rft.creator=Unger%2C+S.&rft.description=In+the+preparation+process+for+the+Second+Sulphur+Protocol+of+the+Convention+on+Long-range+Transboundary+Air+Pollution%2C+integrated+assessment+models+played+an+important+role+in+identifying+cost-effective+strategies+for+reducing+SO2+emissions+in+Europe.+Applying+this+effect-based+approach+to+other+environmental+problems+(e.g.%2C+photo-oxidants)+seems+appealing.+In+view+of+the+timetable+adopted+for+the+current+preparation+of+an+updated+Protocol+on+emissions+of+nitrogen+oxides%2C+an+integrated+assessment+tool+for+ozone+is+required+in+the+very+near+future.+%0D%0A%0D%0AThe+paper+presents+an+outline+of+an+integrated+assessment+model+for+tropospheric+ozone+in+Europe%2C+with+modules+on+emissions%2C+emission+control+technologies+and+costs%2C+ozone+formation+and+environmental+impacts.+In+its+central+part+the+paper+focuses+on+the+core+element+of+such+an+approach%2C+i.e.%2C+a+concise+description+of+the+relationships+between+the+precursor+emissions+(nitrogen+oxides+and+volatile+organic+compounds)+and+regional+ozone+levels%2C+which+must+be+computationally+efficient+for+use+in+an+integrated+assessment+model.+%0D%0A%0D%0ACritical+levels%2C+i.e.%2C+threshold+levels+protecting+vegetation+from+damage%2C+have+been+recently+established+using+long-term+exposure+measures.+Consequently%2C+to+be+suitable+for+integrated+assessment+models%2C+source-receptor+relationships+should+be+able+to+describe+the+long-term+changes+of+ozone%2C+e.g.%2C+over+a+six-month+period.+Based+on+numerous+scenario+runs+of+the+EMEP+ozone+model%2C+polynomial+source-receptor+relationships+have+been+statistically+identified.+Using+national+annual+emissions+of+NO%2C+and+VOC%2C+the+model+predicts+regional+responses+of+the+six-month+mean+of+early+afternoon+ozone+concentrations.+From+this+concentration+measure%2C+excess+exposure+as+used+in+the+definition+of+the+critical+levels+can+be+derived.+The+paper+introduces+the+methodology+of+the+approach%2C+evaluates+the+results+and+discusses+areas+of+further+work.+%0D%0A%0D%0AThe+suggested+model+formulation+can+be+incorporated+into+the+framework+of+an+integrated+assessment+model%2C+enabling+(i)+the+assessment+of+costs+and+environmental+benefits+from+alternative+strategies+to+reduce+precursor+emissions+and+(ii)+the+identification+of+cost-optimized+strategies+to+achieve+environmental+targets.&rft.publisher=WP-96-012&rft.date=1996-12&rft.type=Monograph&rft.type=NonPeerReviewed&rft.format=text&rft.language=en&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.iiasa.ac.at%2Fid%2Feprint%2F5013%2F1%2FWP-96-012.pdf&rft.identifier=++Heyes%2C+C.+%3Chttps%3A%2F%2Fpure.iiasa.ac.at%2Fview%2Fiiasa%2F123.html%3E+ORCID%3A+https%3A%2F%2Forcid.org%2F0000-0001-5254-493X+%3Chttps%3A%2F%2Forcid.org%2F0000-0001-5254-493X%3E%2C+Schoepp%2C+W.+%3Chttps%3A%2F%2Fpure.iiasa.ac.at%2Fview%2Fiiasa%2F273.html%3E+ORCID%3A+https%3A%2F%2Forcid.org%2F0000-0001-5990-423X+%3Chttps%3A%2F%2Forcid.org%2F0000-0001-5990-423X%3E%2C+Amann%2C+M.+%3Chttps%3A%2F%2Fpure.iiasa.ac.at%2Fview%2Fiiasa%2F15.html%3E+ORCID%3A+https%3A%2F%2Forcid.org%2F0000-0002-1963-0972+%3Chttps%3A%2F%2Forcid.org%2F0000-0002-1963-0972%3E%2C+%26+Unger%2C+S.++(1996).++A+Simplified+Model+to+Predict+Long-Term+Ozone+Concentrations+in+Europe.+++IIASA+Working+Paper.+IIASA%2C+Laxenburg%2C+Austria%3A+WP-96-012+++++