China's growing halogenated gas emissions and banks over 1980‒2024: Impacts on ozone, climate, and trifluoroacetic acid

Bai, F.-L., Chen, Z.-W., Jiang, P., Zhang, X., Zhao, X.-C., Wu, J., Zhang, J.-J., & Hu, J.-X. (2026). China's growing halogenated gas emissions and banks over 1980‒2024: Impacts on ozone, climate, and trifluoroacetic acid. Advances in Climate Change Research 10.1016/j.accre.2026.04.009.

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Abstract

China's mitigation strategy design under its 2035 nationally determined contribution calls for updated inventories of halogenated gases, given their current incomplete and outdated coverage. This study established a comprehensive emission and bank inventory regarding China's halogenated gas consumption and export during 1980–2024, covering 30 substances and 23 sub-sectors. Halogenated gas emissions pose triple environment impacts: stratospheric ozone depletion, climate change, and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) accumulation. In 2024, China's territorial and exported halogenated gas emissions increased apace to over 800 kt, with ozone depletion potential (ODP)-weighted emissions decreasing to below 15 kt CFC-11-eq and 100-year global warming potential (GWP100)-weighted emissions growing to approximately 2 Gt CO2-eq. These trends highlight a shift in environmental impacts from ozone depletion to stronger climate forcing. Sector-specific bank management measures are needed to avoid massive emissions from banked halogenated gases (19 ± 3 Gt CO2-eq by 2024). Furthermore, persistent degradation product TFA, originating from halogenated gases (notably low-GWP alternatives such as hydrofluoroolefins), accumulated to over 200 kt by 2024, underscoring the importance of integrating chemical risk governance into climate mitigation strategies.

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