Retrofitting Norwegian residential buildings: an archetype-based dynamic stock model

Rousseau, L.S.A., Amini, S., Akin, S., & Hertwich, E. (2026). Retrofitting Norwegian residential buildings: an archetype-based dynamic stock model. Buildings and Cities 7 (1) 757-774. 10.5334/bc.785.

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Abstract

The retrofit of buildings is essential to reduce their energy consumption and associated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In this study, the resource use and energy performance of various retrofit options for Norway's residential buildings up to 2050 were quantified. A comprehensive analysis of the stock, encompassing all municipalities and using an archetype-based dynamic stock model, was developed. It was estimated that about 80% of Norway's buildings existing in 2023 will still be standing in 2050. If half of these buildings undertake a full retrofit of windows, roof and external walls and adoption of heat pumps, up to 101 TWh of energy and 13 MtCO2-eq could be saved, which includes the GHG emissions expended from material production used for these retrofits. However, achieving such retrofit rates will require strong incentives, which would require tackling current economic challenges and energy policy debates.

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