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    <title>Optimizing layouts of initial AFV refueling stations targeting different drivers, and experiments with agent-based simulations</title>
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    <keywords>agent-based model; alternative fuel vehicles; initial refueling stations; optimal layout; simulation</keywords>
    <abstract>The number of refuelling stations for AFVs (alternative fuel vehicles) is limited during the early stges of the diffusion of AFVs.  Different layouts of these initial stations will result in different degrees of driver concern regardng refueling and will therefore influence  dividuals&apos; decisions to adopt AFVs. The question becomes &quot;what is an optimal layout for these initial stations? Should it target all  drivers or just a portion of them, and if so, which portion?&quot; Further, how does the number of initial AFV refueling stations influence the  adoption of AFVs? This paper explores these questions with agent-based simulations. Using Shanghai as the basis of computational  experiments, this paper first generates different optimal layouts using a genetic algorithm to minimize the total concern of different  targeted drivers and then conducts agent-based simulations on the diffusion of AFVs with these layout. The main findings of this  study are that (1) targeting drivers in the city center can induce the fastest diffusion of AFVs if AV technologies are mature and (2)  it is possible that a larger number of initial AFV refueling stations may result in slower diffusion of AFVs because these initial  stations may not have sufficient customers to survive. The simulations can provide some insights for cities that are trying to promote  the diffusion of AFVs.</abstract>
    <date>2016-03</date>
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    <id_number>10.1016/j.ejor.2015.08.065</id_number>
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    <iiasa_bibref>European Journal of Operational Research; 249(2):706-716 [March 2016] (Published online 7 September 2015)</iiasa_bibref>
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