Similar title to Grubler, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7814-4990 & Nakicenovic, N. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7176-4604 (1991). Long Waves, Technology Diffusion, and Substitution. IIASA Research Report (Reprint). IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria: RR-91-017. Reprinted from Review, XIV(2):313-342 [Spring 1991].