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supplemental archive 353 disk0/00/01/51/67 2018-03-14 07:08:03 2021-08-27 17:30:01 2018-03-14 07:08:03 article show Rao N. 1961 0000-0003-1888-5292 Min J. 2098 0000-0002-0020-1174 DeFries R. Ghosh-Jerath S. Valin H. 1923 0000-0002-0618-773X Fanzo J. pub prog_ene prog_esm Micronutrient deficiencies; Co-benefits; Climate mitigation; Hidden hunger; Food security India has among the highest lost years of life from micronutrient deficiencies. We investigate what dietary shifts would eliminate protein, iron, zinc and Vitamin A deficiencies within households’ food budgets and whether these shifts would be compatible with mitigating climate change. This analysis uses the National Sample Survey (2011–12) of consumption expenditure to calculate calorie, protein and the above micronutrient intake deficiencies and relate them to diets, income and location. We show that more than two-thirds of Indians consume insufficient micronutrients, particularly iron and Vitamin A, and to a lesser extent zinc. A greater proportion of urban households than rural households are deficient at all income levels and for all nutrients, with few exceptions. Deficiencies reduce with increasing income. Using constrained optimization, we find that households could overcome these nutrient deficiencies within their food budgets by diversifying their diets, particularly towards coarse cereals, pulses, and leafy vegetables, and away from rice. These dietary changes could reduce India’s agricultural greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by up to 25%. Current agricultural and food pricing policies may disincentivize these dietary shifts, particularly among the poor. 2018-03 published Elsevier 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.02.013 243 208 316 public Global Environmental Change 49 154-165 TRUE 1872-9495 Energy and emissions thresholds for providing decent living standards to all (DecentLivingEnergy, H2020 637462) FALSE yes info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/H2020/637462/EU//DecentLivingEnergy info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess