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    <title>Uncertainty and Arbitrariness in Ecosystems Modelling: A Lake Modelling Example</title>
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    <abstract>Mathematical models of ecosystems are considerable simplifications of reality, and the data upon which they are based are usually scarce and uncertain. Calibration of large complex models depends upon arbitrary assumptions and choices, and frequently calibration procedures do not deal adequately with the uncertainty in the data describing the system under study. Since much of the  uncertainty and arbitrariness in ecological modelling is inevitable, because  of both practical as well as theoretical limitations, model-based predictions should at least reveal their dependence on, and sensitivity to, uncertainty  and arbitrary assumptions. 

This paper proposes a method that explicitly takes in account the uncertainty associated with data for modelling. By reference to a partly  qualitative and somewhat vague definition of system behaviour in terms of allowable ranges, an ensemble of acceptable parameter vectors for the model may be identified. This contrasts directly with a more conventional approach to model calibration, in which a quantitative (squared-error) criterion is minimized and through which a supposedly &quot;unique&quot; and &quot;best&quot; set of parameters can be derived. The ensemble of parameter vectors is then used for the  simulation of a multitude of future systems behaviour patterns, so that the  uncertainty in the initial data and assumptions is preserved, and thus the  predicted future systems response can be interpreted in a probabilistic manner.</abstract>
    <date>1981</date>
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    <publisher>RR-81-026. Reprinted from Ecological Modelling, 13 [1981].</publisher>
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    <iiasa_bibref>Reprinted from Ecological Modelling; 13 [1981]</iiasa_bibref>
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    <publication>Ecological Modelling</publication>
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    <place_of_pub>IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria</place_of_pub>
    <pages>26</pages>
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