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Rathod_2022_Environ._Res._Lett._17_044043.pdf

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http://eprints.org/relation/isVersionOf https://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/document/97301 http://eprints.org/relation/isVolatileVersionOf https://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/document/97301 http://eprints.org/relation/isIndexCodesVersionOf https://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/document/97301 archive 353 disk0/00/01/79/07 2022-03-24 10:23:20 2022-03-25 12:46:00 2022-03-24 10:23:20 article show Rathod S.D. Bond T.C. Klimont Z. 1473 0000-0003-2630-198X Pierce J.R. Mahowald N. Roy C. Thompson J. Scott R.P. Hoal K.O. Rafaj P. 1822 0000-0003-1000-5617 pub ECE IACC ECEPM prog_ysp A shift from fossil fuel to renewable energy is crucial in limiting global temperature increase to 2 °C above preindustrial levels. However, renewable energy technologies, solar photovoltaics, wind turbines, and electric vehicles are metal-intensive, and the mining and smelting processes to obtain the needed metals are emission-intensive. We estimate the future PM2.5 emissions from mining and smelting to meet the metal demand of renewable energy technologies in two climate pathways to be 0.3–0.6 Tg yr−1 in the 2020–2050 period, which are projected to contribute 10%–30% of total anthropogenic primary PM2.5 combustion emissions in many countries. The concentration of mineral reserves in a few regions means the impacts are also regionally concentrated. Rapid decarbonization could lead to a faster reduction of overall anthropogenic PM2.5 emissions but also could create more unevenness in the distributions of emissions relative to where demand occurs. Options to reduce metal-related PM2.5 emissions by over 90% exist and are well understood; introducing policy requiring their installation could avoid emission hotspots. 2022-03 published Institute of Physics Publishing (IOP) 10.1088/1748-9326/ac5d9c 159 241 public Environmental Research Letters 17 4 e044043 TRUE 1748-9326 no info:eu-repo/semantics/article