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Rathod_2023_Environ._Res.__Health_1_041002.pdf

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http://eprints.org/relation/isVersionOf https://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/document/103843 http://eprints.org/relation/isVolatileVersionOf https://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/document/103843 http://eprints.org/relation/ismediumThumbnailVersionOf https://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/document/103843 103853 2 316465 document 103853 small.jpg image/png c32f3e09d28ecedd71dea26c97f6a33b MD5 1004 2023-12-12 15:14:48 https://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/eprint/19255/6/small.jpg 19255 6 6 image/png other Thumbnails conversion from text to thumbnail_small en public

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http://eprints.org/relation/isVersionOf https://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/document/103843 http://eprints.org/relation/isVolatileVersionOf https://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/document/103843 http://eprints.org/relation/issmallThumbnailVersionOf https://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/document/103843 archive 353 disk0/00/01/92/55 2023-12-12 15:05:31 2023-12-12 15:05:31 2023-12-12 15:05:31 article show Rathod S. Edwards M. Roy C. Warnecke L. 2299 0000-0002-0766-3419 Rafaj P. 1822 0000-0003-1000-5617 Kiesewetter G. 8472 0000-0002-9369-9812 Klimont Z. 1473 0000-0003-2630-198X pub ECE IACC ECEPM Ammonia has been proposed to replace heavy fuel oil (HFO) in the shipping industry by 2050. When produced with low-carbon electricity, ammonia can reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, ammonia emissions also contribute to local air pollution via the formation of secondary particulate matter. We estimate the potential ammonia emissions from storage and bunkering operations for shipping in Singapore, a port that accounts for 20% of global bunker fuel sales, and their impacts on air quality and health. Fuel storage and bunkering can increase total gaseous ammonia emissions in Singapore by up to a factor of four and contribute to a 25%–50% increase in ambient PM2.5 concentration compared to a baseline scenario with HFO, leading to an estimated 210–460 premature mortalities in Singapore (30%–70% higher than the baseline). Proper abatement on storage and bunkering can reduce these emissions and even improve ambient PM2.5 concentrations compared to the baseline. Overall, while an energy transition from HFO to ammonia in the shipping industry could reduce global greenhouse gas and air pollutant burdens, local policies will be important to avoid negative impacts on the communities living near its supply chain. 2023-10 published doi:10.1088/2752-5309/acfb2e 3195 241 154 159 public Environmental Research: Health 1 4 e041002 TRUE 2752-5309 info:eu-repo/semantics/article