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http://eprints.org/relation/isVersionOf https://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/document/109781 http://eprints.org/relation/isVolatileVersionOf https://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/document/109781 http://eprints.org/relation/issmallThumbnailVersionOf https://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/document/109781 archive 2 disk0/00/02/05/81 2025-05-14 17:37:01 2025-05-14 17:37:01 2025-05-14 17:37:01 article show Hunt J.D. Zakeri B. 2189 0000-0001-9647-2878 Jurasz J. . Wada Y. 8940 0000-0003-4770-2539 Krey V. 8099 0000-0003-0307-3515 Riahi K. 1696 0000-0001-7193-3498 pub ECE IACC S3 Climate change; Energy innovation; Energy transition and energy sustainability; Geospatial energy analysis; Gravitational energy storage; Renewable energy markets; Smart energy systems; Smart grids and digital energy Transition to low-carbon energy systems primarily based on variable renewable energy, such as wind and solar, requires flexibility options, including energy storage. While batteries have dominated the market for short-term electricity storage, existing alternatives for long-duration energy storage are either site-specific, such as pumped hydropower storage (PHS), or lack the required supply infrastructure, such as green hydrogen and other synthetic fuels. We investigate the world's potential and project-specific cost of four emerging gravity energy storage technologies that are carbon-free and can be integrated into existing infrastructure: mountain gravity energy storage, electric truck gravity energy storage, underground energy storage, and lift energy storage technology. These electricity storage technologies can reach a levelized cost of (seasonal) energy storage as low as 94 USD MWh−1 and can store up to nearly 231 TWh of electricity globally (cf., the world's PHS total installed capacity is estimated to be 8.5–9 TWh today). Integrated gravity can play a role as long-duration energy storage in decarbonizing the energy sector and is a complementary solution to short-duration energy storage such as battery energy storage systems (BESS). 2025-07-30 published doi:10.1016/j.est.2025.116839 3099 2601 166 250 public Journal of Energy Storage 125 e116839 1 TRUE 2352152X https://www.google.com/maps/d/edit?mid=191ZjmVYCa-6qiQBi0wMNMIA9o6oV_Ek&usp=sharing data info:eu-repo/semantics/article