Rising income inequality across half of global population and socioecological implications

21078 7 112155 2 338710 document 112155 s41893-025-01689-4.pdf application/pdf 4d165757fbc862877710007e4bae77f7 MD5 11309031 2025-12-15 08:35:11 https://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/eprint/21078/1/s41893-025-01689-4.pdf 21078 1 1 application/pdf text en public cc_by_4

s41893-025-01689-4.pdf

published 112156 1 338718 document 112156 indexcodes.txt text/plain 3cbd52405f936b280636cdf9eb7fcbd1 MD5 16312 2025-12-15 08:45:25 https://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/eprint/21078/2/indexcodes.txt 21078 2 2 text/plain other Generate index codes conversion from text to indexcodes en public

indexcodes.txt

lightbox.jpg

preview.jpg

medium.jpg

small.jpg

http://eprints.org/relation/isVersionOf https://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/document/112155 http://eprints.org/relation/isVolatileVersionOf https://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/document/112155 http://eprints.org/relation/issmallThumbnailVersionOf https://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/document/112155 archive 353 disk0/00/02/10/78 2025-12-15 08:38:54 2025-12-15 08:38:54 2025-12-15 08:38:54 article show Chrisendo D. Niva V. Hoffmann R. 2316 Masoumzadeh Sayyar S. Rocha J. Sandström V. Solt F. Kummu M. Rising income inequality across half of global population and socioecological implications pub POPJUS MIG Income inequality is one of the most important measures to indicate socioeconomic welfare and quality of life, and has implications for the environment. Yet, especially at the subnational level, comprehensive global data on income distribution are widely missing. Such data are essential for assessing patterns of inequality within countries and their development over time. Here we created seamless global subnational Gini coefficient and gross national income purchasing power parity per capita datasets for the period 1990–2023 and used these to assess the status and trends of income inequality and income, as well as their interplay. We show that while gross national income has increased for most people globally (94%), inequality has also increased for around 46–59% (depending on the national dataset used) of the global population, while it has decreased for 31–36% and has not shown a significant trend for 10–18%. We illustrate heterogeneities in inequality trends between and within countries, analyse plausible confounding factors related to inequality, and highlight the broad utility of the datasets through a case study that investigates correlations with terrestrial ecological diversity. Our dataset and analyses provide valuable insights for relevant stakeholders to direct future research and make informed decisions at the global, national and subnational levels, addressing societal, economic and environmental challenges caused by inequality. 2025-12-05 published Nature Publishing Group doi:10.1038/s41893-025-01689-4 3234 public Nature Sustainability TRUE 2398-9629 Respecting safe operating spaces: opportunities to meet future food demand with sustainable use of water and land resources ( SOS.aquaterra, H2020 819202) Sustainability Performances, Evidence and Scenarios (SPES, HE 101094551) Climate Change and Human (Im)Mobility: The Role of Compound and Cascading Risks (2C-RISK, HE 101162653) yes info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/H2020/819202/EU//SOS.aquaterra; info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/HE/101094551/EU//SPES; info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/HE/101162653/EU//2C-RISK info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess