Here an assessment of the fragmentation of protected areas (both Natura 2000 and CDDA) is made. Provided are estimated at:

Site level, e.g. quantified for each individual site.
Gridded level, as landscape metrics quantified as aggregate for a set of reference grids.
A holistic classification by clustering and combining different site and gridded metrics into a reduced set of categorical classes.
In addition to protected area information, we used harmonized land cover data on European ecosystem units (Jung et al. 2025) and data on accessibility to cities (Weiss et al. 2018).