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It turns out that the European countries have generally lower fertility than could be expected from their socio-economic standing. In the Arabic countries culture and religion tend to have strong positive effects on fertility. Across cultures Catholicism has a fertility-increasing effect but it is--like the effect of all religions except Islam--diminishing over time. In contrast, the effect of culture (as measured by a regional variable) on the level of national fertility has been increasing at the expense of socio-economic effects.</abstract>
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