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    <abstract>Two related papers are presented here as a package. Both papers can be regarded as part of an attempt to develop new and more productive approaches to quantitative measurement in the social and economic sciences. This is an oft-neglected but important aspect of IIASA&apos;s on-going Technology-Economy- Society (TES) Program. 

The first paper deals with applications of information theory to economics, especially the analysis of manufacturing. Its explicit objective is to exhibit a practical methodology for computing information &quot;stocks&quot; and &quot;flows&quot;, with particular application to information embodied in form and structure. It also discusses possible optimization principles both for production processes and product design, making use of the information- theoretic approach. 

The second paper deals with a parallel topic, the application of information theory in the analysis of human labor. Here the objective is to reexamine F.W. Taylor&apos;s approach to task optimization from the modern ergonomic perspective, again using the language of information theory. The error-defect problem in manufacturing is addressed, and an interesting labor rate optimization model is developed, showing Taylor&apos;s approach to be an unrealistic special case.</abstract>
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