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In spite of the recent expansion of economic cooperation between eastern and western enterprises the economic and technical importance of these joint ventures are of little strategic importance to real economic reform. They are mostly small low-investment and mostly in the low sophistication services sector. 

The relevance of the technology to be transferred is of obvious importance in any joint venture or cooperative business arrangement. However, the major reasons for slow progress is rooted in other factors, such as management skills, existence of services and maintenance infrastructure, availability of supplies, availability of transport and logistics, to name a few. It was to provide some background in these non-technological aspects of technological transfer that prompted this Working Paper. It is in that context that this Working Paper should be viewed.</abstract>
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