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http://eprints.org/relation/isVersionOf https://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/document/4989 http://eprints.org/relation/isVolatileVersionOf https://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/document/4989 http://eprints.org/relation/isCoversheetVersionOf https://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/document/4989 archive 351 disk0/00/00/73/66 2016-01-15 02:16:55 2021-08-27 17:18:44 2016-01-15 02:16:55 monograph show 2 Cadet C. 7668 Metz J.A.J. 7506 Klinkhamer P.G.L. pub iis_ecl prog_adn Sex allocation; Simultaneous hermaphroditism; Sequential hermaphroditism; Sex change; Size Sex allocation theory explains how size-related variations in male and female fitness may favor the evolution of size-dependent sex allocation in hermaphrodites. Although empirical studies show that sex allocation changes gradually with size in many species, theoretical studies tend to predict an abrupt sex reversal from one sex to the other, that is, single-sexed sequential hermaphrodites. We show that this discrepancy between data and theory collapses if one takes into account that size affects male and female fitness through distinct routes. Using the classification of budget (larger individuals spend a greater budget on reproduction) and direct (e.g., larger plants are taller and may disperse pollen more efficiently) effects of size suggested by Klinkhamer et al., we propose a simple general framework appropriately incorporating these two categories of size effects in male and female fitness expressions. Analytical and numerical results show that a gradual sex change is evolutionarily stable for a large set of parameter values. Sex reversal is selected only in the absence of budget effects of size. We provide further predictions on size-dependent sex allocation and assess the relative importance of budget and direct effect for creating different patterns. 2004-12 published IR-04-084 IR-04-084 1176 206 public interim_report IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria 47 FALSE info:eu-repo/semantics/book