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    <title>Punishing and abstaining for public goods</title>
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    <keywords>Altruistic punishment; Cooperation; Evolutionary game theory</keywords>
    <abstract>The evolution of cooperation within sizable groups of  nonrelated humans offers many challenges for our understanding. Current research has highlighted two factors boosting cooperation in public goods interactions, namely, costly punishment of defectors and the option to abstain from the joint enterprise. A recent modeling approach has suggested that the autarkic option acts as a catalyzer for the ultimate fixation of altruistic punishment. We present an alternative, more microeconomically based  model that yields a bistable outcome instead. Evolutionary dynamics can lead either to a Nash equilibrium of punishing and nonpunishing cooperators or to an oscillating state without punishers.</abstract>
    <date>2006-01</date>
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    <publisher>National Academy of Sciences</publisher>
    <id_number>10.1073/pnas.0507229103</id_number>
    <iiasapubid>XJ-06-037</iiasapubid>
    <iiasa_bibref>PNAS; 103(2):495-497 (10 January 2006)</iiasa_bibref>
    <iiasa_bibnotes>[doi:10.1073/pnas.0507229103]. Also available as IIASA Interim Report IR-05-071 &amp;lt;www.iiasa.ac.at/Admin/PUB/Documents/IR-05-071.pdf&amp;gt;</iiasa_bibnotes>
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