Items where IIASA Author is "Kharrazi, Ali"

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Number of items: 64.

Article

Pashanejad Silab, E., Kharrazi, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5881-2568, Araujo Gutierrez, Z., Robinson, B., Fath, B. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9440-6842 & Parrott, L. (2024). A functional connectivity approach for exploring interactions of multiple ecosystem services in the context of agricultural landscapes in the Canadian prairies. Ecosystem Services 68, e101639. 10.1016/j.ecoser.2024.101639.

Li, X., Wang, H., Kharrazi, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5881-2568, Fath, B.D. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9440-6842, Liu, G., Liu, G., Xiao, Y. & Lai, X. (2024). A network analysis of external shocks on the dynamics and resilience of the global staple food trade. Food Security 16, 845-865. 10.1007/s12571-024-01462-z.

Bandari, R., Moallemi, E.A., Kharrazi, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5881-2568, Sakic Trogrlic, R. & Bryan, B.A. (2024). Transdisciplinary approaches to local sustainability: aligning local governance and navigating spillovers with global action towards the Sustainable Development Goals. Sustainability Science 10.1007/s11625-024-01494-6.

Luo, Z., Yu, Y., Kharrazi, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5881-2568, Fath, B. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9440-6842, Matsubae, K., Liang, S., Chen, D., Zhu, B. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2890-7523, Ma, T. & Hu, S. (2024). Decreasing resilience of China’s coupled nitrogen–phosphorus cycling network requires urgent action. Nature Food 5, 48-58. 10.1038/s43016-023-00889-5.

Bandari, R., Moallemi, E.A., Szetey, K., Flanagan‐Smith, C., Hadjikakou, M., Marcos‐Martinez, R., Kharrazi, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5881-2568, Sakic Trogrlic, R. & Bryan, B. (2023). Participatory Modeling for Analyzing Interactions Between High‐Priority Sustainable Development Goals to Promote Local Sustainability. Earth's Future 11 (12), e2023EF003948. 10.1029/2023EF003948.

Miao, H., Yu, Y., Kharrazi, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5881-2568 & Ma, T. (2023). Multi-criteria decision analysis for the planning of island microgrid system: A case study of Yongxing island, China. Energy 284, e129264. 10.1016/j.energy.2023.129264.

Chen, S., Fang, K., Dhakal, S., Kharrazi, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5881-2568, Tong, K. & Ramaswami, A. (2023). Advancing urban infrastructure research for a carbon-neutral and sustainable future. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 197, e107049. 10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107049.

Chen, S., Zhang, L., Liu, B., Yi, H., Su, H., Kharrazi, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5881-2568, Jiang, F., Lu, Z., Crittenden, J.C. & Chen, B. (2023). Decoupling wastewater-related greenhouse gas emissions and water stress alleviation across 300 cities in China is challenging yet plausible by 2030. Nature Water 1 (6), 534-546. 10.1038/s44221-023-00087-4.

Zhang, S., Yu, Y., Kharrazi, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5881-2568 & Ma, T. (2023). How would sustainable transformations in the electricity sector of megacities impact employment levels? A case study of Beijing. Energy 270, e126862. 10.1016/j.energy.2023.126862.

Duc, N.H., Kumar, P., Lan, P.P., Kurniawan, T.A., Khedher, K.M., Kharrazi, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5881-2568, Saito, O. & Avtar, R. (2023). Hydrochemical indices as a proxy for assessing land-use impacts on water resources: a sustainable management perspective and case study of Can Tho City, Vietnam. Natural Hazards 117 (3), 2573-2615. 10.1007/s11069-023-05957-4.

Zhang, Z., Yu, Y. & Kharrazi, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5881-2568 (2023). Unstable decoupling of CO2 emissions from sectoral economic growth calls for decarbonization policies based on multi-perspective accounting: a case study of Zhejiang, China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 30, 57503-57517. 10.1007/s11356-023-26513-4.

Nujaira, H., Prasad, K.A., Kumar, P., Yunus, A.P., Kharrazi, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5881-2568, Gupta, L.N., Kurniawan, T.A., Sajjad, H. & Avtar, R. (2022). Quantifying spatio-temporal variation in aquaculture production areas in Satkhira, Bangladesh using geospatial and social survey. PLoS ONE 17 (12), e0278042. 10.1371/journal.pone.0278042.

Zhang, S., Yu, Y., Kharrazi, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5881-2568, Ren, H. & Ma, T. (2022). How can structural change contribute to concurrent sustainability policy targets on GDP, emissions, energy, and employment in China? Energy 256, e124614. 10.1016/j.energy.2022.124614.

Zhang, S., Yu, Y., Kharrazi, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5881-2568, Ren, H. & Ma, T. (2022). Quantifying the synergy and trade-offs among economy–energy–environment–social targets: A perspective of industrial restructuring. Journal of Environmental Management 316, e115285. 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115285.

Umarhadi, D.A., Widyatmanti, W., Kumar, P., Yunus, A.P., Khedher, K.M., Kharrazi, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5881-2568 & Avtar, R. (2022). Tropical peat subsidence rates are related to decadal LULC changes: Insights from InSAR analysis. Science of the Total Environment 816, e151561. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151561.

Avtar, R., Yunus, A.P., Saito, O., Kharrazi, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5881-2568, Kumar, P. & Takeuchi, K. (2022). Multi-temporal remote sensing data to monitor terrestrial ecosystem responses to climate variations in Ghana. Geocarto International 37 (2), 396-412. 10.1080/10106049.2020.1723716.

Molekoa, M.D., Kumar, P., Choudhary, B.K., Yunus, A.P., Kharrazi, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5881-2568, Khedher, K.M., Alshayeb, M.J., Singh, B.P., Minh, H.V.T., Kurniawan, T.A. & Avtar, R. (2022). Spatio-temporal variations in the water quality of the Doorndraai Dam, South Africa: An assessment of sustainable water resource management. Current Research in Environmental Sustainability 4, e100187. 10.1016/j.crsust.2022.100187.

Chen, S., Fang, K., Dhakal, S., Kharrazi, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5881-2568, Tong, K. & Ramaswami, A. (2021). Reshaping urban infrastructure for a carbon-neutral and sustainable future. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 174, e105765. 10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105765.

Zhang, Z., Yu, Y., Wang, D., Kharrazi, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5881-2568, Ren, H., Zhou, W. & Ma, T. (2021). Socio-economic drivers of rising CO2 emissions at the sectoral and sub-regional levels in the Yangtze River Economic Belt. Journal of Environmental Management 290, e112617. 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112617.

Zhang, S., Kharrazi, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5881-2568, Yu, Y., Ren, H., Hong, L. & Ma, T. (2021). What causes spatial carbon inequality? Evidence from China’s Yangtze River economic Belt. Ecological Indicators 121, e107129. 10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.107129.

Zhang, S., Kharrazi, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5881-2568, Wang, D., Ren, H., Liang, S. & Yu, Y. (2020). Evaluating the synergy strength among environmental pressures at the sectoral level of China from the producer, consumer and supplier perspectives. Journal of Cleaner Production 275, e124199. 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124199.

Kharrazi, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5881-2568, Yu, Y., Jacob, A., Vora, N. & Fath, B. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9440-6842 (2020). Redundancy, Diversity, and Modularity in Network Resilience: Applications for International Trade and Implications for Public Policy. Current Research in Environmental Sustainability, e100006. 10.1016/j.crsust.2020.06.001.

Liang, S., Yu, Y., Kharrazi, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5881-2568, Fath, B. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9440-6842, Feng, C., Daigger, G.T., Chen, S., Ma, T., Zhu, B. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2890-7523, Mi, Z. & Yang, Z. (2020). Network resilience of phosphorus cycling in China has shifted by natural flows, fertilizer use and dietary transitions between 1600 and 2012. Nature Food 1 (6), 365-375. 10.1038/s43016-020-0098-6.

Zhang, S., Wang, D., Hong, L., Ren, H., Feng, C., Liang, Y., Kharrazi, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5881-2568, Yu, Y. & Liang, S. (2020). Co-benefits and trade-offs of environmental pressures: A case study of Zhejiang’s socio-economic evolution. Journal of Cleaner Production 255, e120365. 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120365.

Supe, H., Avtar, R., Singh, D., Gupta, A., Yunus, A.P., Dou, J., A. Ravankar, A., Mohan, G., Chapagain, S.K., Sharma, V., Singh, C.K., Tutubalina, O. & Kharrazi, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5881-2568 (2020). Google Earth Engine for the Detection of Soiling on Photovoltaic Solar Panels in Arid Environments. Remote Sensing 12 (9), e1466. 10.3390/rs12091466.

Rahman, M.M., Avtar, R., Yunus, A.P., Dou, J., Misra, P., Takeuchi, W., Sahu, N., Kumar, P., Johnson, B.A., Dasgupta, R., Kharrazi, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5881-2568, Chakraborty, S. & Agustiono Kurniawan, T. (2020). Monitoring Effect of Spatial Growth on Land Surface Temperature in Dhaka. Remote Sensing 12 (7), e1191. 10.3390/rs12071191.

Chen, S., Kharrazi, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5881-2568, Liang, S., Fath, B. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9440-6842, Lenzen, M. & Yan, J. (2020). Advanced approaches and applications of energy footprints toward the promotion of global sustainability. Applied Energy 261, e114415. 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.114415.

Avtar, R., Aggarwal, R., Kharrazi, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5881-2568, Kumar, P. & Kurniawan, T. (2020). Utilizing geospatial information to implement SDGs and monitor their Progress. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 192 (1), e35. 10.1007/s10661-019-7996-9.

Avtar, R., Sahu, N., Aggarwal, A., Chakraborty, S., Kharrazi, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5881-2568, Yunus, A., Dou, J. & Kurniawan, T. (2019). Exploring Renewable Energy Resources Using Remote Sensing and GIS—A Review. Resources 8 (3), e149. 10.3390/resources8030149.

Yu, Y., Liang, S., Zhou, W., Ren, H., Kharrazi, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5881-2568 & Zhu, B. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2890-7523 (2019). A two-tiered attribution structural decomposition analysis to reveal drivers at both sub-regional and sectoral levels: A case study of energy consumption in the Jing-Jin-Ji region. Journal of Cleaner Production 213, 165-175. 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.12.167.

Savaget, P., Geissdoerfer, M., Kharrazi, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5881-2568 & Evans, S. (2019). The theoretical foundations of sociotechnical systems change for sustainability: A systematic literature review. Journal of Cleaner Production 206, 878-892. 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.09.208.

Kharrazi, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5881-2568, Kudo, S. & Allasiw, D. (2018). Addressing Misconceptions to the Concept of Resilience in Environmental Education. Sustainability 10 (12), p. 4682. 10.3390/su10124682.

Calvente, A., Kharrazi, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5881-2568, Kudo, S. & Savaget, P. (2018). Non-Formal Environmental Education in a Vulnerable Region: Insights from a 20-Year Long Engagement in Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Sustainability 10 (11), e4247. 10.3390/su10114247.

Fan, H., Akiyama, T. & Kharrazi, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5881-2568 (2018). An insight into the implementation of land use right transfer policy in China: a case study in the City of Zhangye. International Journal of Agricultural Resources, Governance and Ecology 14 (2), 105-121. 10.1504/IJARGE.2018.093961.

Zhou, T., Akiyama, T., Horita, M., Kharrazi, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5881-2568, Kraines, S., Li, J. & Yoshikawa, K. (2018). The Impact of Ecological Restoration Projects in Dry Lands: Data-based Assessment and Human Perceptions in the Lower Reaches of Heihe River Basin, China. Sustainability 10 (5), e1471. 10.3390/su10051471.

Akiyama, T., Kubota, J., Fujita, K., Tsujimura, M., Nakawo, M., Avtar, R. & Kharrazi, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5881-2568 (2018). Use of Water Balance and Tracer-Based Approaches to Monitor Groundwater Recharge in the Hyper-Arid Gobi Desert of Northwestern China. Environments 5 (5), p. 55. 10.3390/environments5050055.

Wang, J., Li, L., Li, F., Kharrazi, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5881-2568 & Bai, Y. (2018). Regional footprints and interregional interactions of chemical oxygen demand discharges in China. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 132, 386-397. 10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.08.008.

Akiyama, T., Kharrazi, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5881-2568, Li, J. & Avtar, R. (2018). Agricultural water policy reforms in China: a representative look at Zhangye City, Gansu Province, China. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 190 (1) 10.1007/s10661-017-6370-z.

Pérez Guzmán, K. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5189-6570, Téllez-León, E., Kharrazi, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5881-2568, Fath, B. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9440-6842 & Venegas-Martínez (2018). What makes Input-Output Tables of Trade of Raw Material Goods Peculiar Networks? The World and Mexican Cases. Revista Mexicana de Economía y Finanzas 13 (4), 483-505. 10.21919/remef.v13i4.334.

Kharrazi, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5881-2568 (2017). Challenges and Opportunities of Urban Big-data for Sustainable Development. Asia-Pacific Tech Monitor 34 (4), 17-21.

Sato, M., Kharrazi, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5881-2568, Nakayama, H., Kraines, S. & Yarime, M. (2017). Quantifying the supplier-portfolio diversity of embodied energy: Strategic implications for strengthening energy resilience. Energy Policy 105, 41-52. 10.1016/j.enpol.2017.02.024.

Yu, Y., Zhou, L., Zhou, W., Ren, H., Kharrazi, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5881-2568, Ma, T. & Zhu, B. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2890-7523 (2017). Decoupling environmental pressure from economic growth on city level: The Case Study of Chongqing in China. Ecological Indicators 75, 27-35. 10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.12.027.

Kharrazi, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5881-2568, Rovenskaya, E. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2761-3443 & Fath, B. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9440-6842 (2017). Network structure impacts global commodity trade growth and resilience. PLoS ONE 12 (2), e0171184. 10.1371/journal.pone.0171184.

Kharrazi, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5881-2568 & Kakuwa, M. (2017). Scenario projects in Japanese government: Strategic approaches for overcoming psychological and institutional barriers. Futures 86, 18-26. 10.1016/j.futures.2016.08.003.

Yu, Y., Chen, D., Hu, S., Kharrazi, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5881-2568 & Zhu, B. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2890-7523 (2017). Advancing factors influencing resource productivity through the use of the material utility framework. Journal of Cleaner Production 142 (4), 1892-1900. 10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.11.096.

Shortall, R. & Kharrazi, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5881-2568 (2017). Cultural factors of sustainable energy development: A case study of geothermal energy in Iceland and Japan. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 79, 101-109. 10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.029.

Kharrazi, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5881-2568, Qin, H. & Zhang, Y. (2016). Urban Big Data and Sustainable Development Goals: Challenges and Opportunities. Sustainability 8 (12), e1293. 10.3390/su8121293.

Kharrazi, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5881-2568, Akiyama, T., Yu, Y. & Li, J. (2016). Evaluating the evolution of the Heihe River basin using the ecological network analysis: Efficiency, resilience, and implications for water resource management policy. Science of the Total Environment 572, 688-696. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.210.

Kharrazi, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5881-2568, Fath, B. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9440-6842 & Katzmair, H. (2016). Advancing Empirical Approaches to the Concept of Resilience: A Critical Examination of Panarchy, Ecological Information, and Statistical Evidence. Sustainability 8 (9), e935. 10.3390/su8090935.

Kharrazi, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5881-2568 & Fath, B. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9440-6842 (2016). Measuring global oil trade dependencies: An application of the point-wise mutual information method. Energy Policy 88, 271-277. 10.1016/j.enpol.2015.10.017.

Kharrazi, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5881-2568, Sato, M., Yarime, M., Nakayama, H., Yu, Y. & Kraines, S. (2015). Examining the resilience of national energy systems: Measurements of diversity in production-based and consumption-based electricity in the globalization of trade networks. Energy Policy 87, 455-464. 10.1016/j.enpol.2015.09.019.

Yu, Y., Ren, H., Kharrazi, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5881-2568, Ma, T. & Zhu, B. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2890-7523 (2015). Exploring socioeconomic drivers of environmental pressure on the city level: The case study of Chongqing in China. Ecological Economics 118, 123-131. 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2015.07.019.

Kharrazi, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5881-2568, Kraines, S., Rovenskaya, E. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2761-3443, Avtar, R., Iwata, S. & Yarime, M. (2015). Examining the Ecology of Commodity Trade Networks using an Ecological Information-Based Approach: Towards Strategic Assessment of Resilience. Journal of Industrial Ecology 19, 805-813. 10.1111/jiec.12328.

Sato, M., Kharrazi, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5881-2568, Nakayama, H., Kraines, S. & Yarime, M. (2015). The resilience of embodied energy networks: a critical dimension for Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Global Environmental Research 19 (2), 187-198.

Kharrazi, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5881-2568, Kraines, S., Hoang, L. & Yarime, M. (2014). Advancing quantification methods of sustainability: A critical examination emergy, exergy, ecological footprint, and ecological information-based approaches. Ecological Indicators, 81-89. 10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.10.003.

Kharrazi, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5881-2568, Rovenskaya, E. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2761-3443, Fath, B. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9440-6842, Yarime, M. & Kraines, S. (2013). Quantifying the sustainability of economic resource networks: An ecological information-based approach. Ecological Economics 90, 177-186. 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2013.03.018.

Book Section

Natori, Y., Kharrazi, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5881-2568, Portela, R. & Gough, M. (2022). Nature-Based Solutions in the Private Sector: Policy Opportunities for Sustainability in a Post-Pandemic World. In: SDGs in the Asia and Pacific Region . Implementing the UN Sustainable Development Goals – Regional Perspectives. Eds. Leal Filho, W., Ng, T.F., Iyer-Raniga, U., Ng, A. & Sharifi, A., pp. 1-23 Cham: Springer International Publishing. ISBN 978-3-030-91262-8 10.1007/978-3-030-91262-8_113-1.

Kharrazi, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5881-2568 & Akiyama, T. (2019). Application of the Ecological Network Analysis (ENA) Approach in Water Resource Management Research: Strengths, Weaknesses, and Future Research Directions. In: Water Conservation, Recycling and Reuse: Issues and Challenges. Eds. Singh, R., Kolok, A. & Bartlelt-Hunt, S., pp. 259-276 Singapore: Springer. ISBN 978-981-13-3178-7 10.1007/978-981-13-3179-4_14.

Kharrazi, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5881-2568, Savaget, P. & Kudo, S. (2019). Resilience and Sustainability. In: Encyclopedia of Sustainability in Higher Education. Eds. Filho, W., pp. 1-4 Springer. 10.1007/978-3-319-63951-2_92-1.

Kharrazi, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5881-2568, Akiyama, T. & Yarime, M. (2019). Resilience and Sustainability. In: Encyclopedia of Sustainability in Higher Education. Eds. Filho, W., Springer. 10.1007/978-3-319-63951-2_324-1.

Kharrazi, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5881-2568 (2018). Resilience. In: Encyclopedia of Ecology. Eds. Fath, B., . 10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.10751-1.

Yarime, M. & Kharrazi, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5881-2568 (2015). Understanding the environment as a complex, dynamic natural-social system: Opportunities and challenges in public policies for promoting global sustainability. In: Modeling Complex Systems for Public Policies. Eds. Alves Furtado, B., Sakowski, P.A.M. & Tovolli, M., pp. 127-140 Brasilia, Brazil: Institute for Applied Economic Research (IPEA).

Other

UN.ESCAP & World Food Programme (WFP) (2024). Assessing multidimensional food system risks in Asia and the Pacific : INsights on Food SystEm Risks – INFER. UN.ESCAP

Jacob, A., Tiwari, B.N., Rankine, H., Beerepoot, M., Dacanay, M.L., Jiwanji, M., Kharrazi, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5881-2568, Kim, S.H., Lee, A., O'Connell, D., Schandl, H., Varma, A. & Yutong, L. (2018). Transformation towards sustainable and resilient societies in Asia and the Pacific. United Nationa, Asian Development Bank, United Nations Development Programme , Thailand. 10.22617/TCS189274-2.

This list was generated on Sun Oct 13 16:20:27 2024 UTC.